Relics, Shrines and Pilgrimages Since Late Antiquity, relics have provided a privileged spiritual bond between life and death, between human beings and divinity. Royalty, nobility, and clergy all tried to obtain the most prestigious remains of sacred bodies, since they granted influence and fame and allowed the cult around them to be used as a means of sacralization, power, and propaganda. This volume traces the development of the veneration of relics in Europe and how these objects were often catalysts for the establishment of major pilgrimage sites that are still in use today. T he book features an international panel of contributors taking a wide- ranging look at relic worship across Europe, from Late Antiquity until the present day. The book begins with a focus on the role of relics in Jacobean pilgrimage, before looking at the link between relics and their shrines more generally. The focus then shifts to two major issues in the study of relics: the stealing of relics (furta sacra) and their modern-day scientific examination and authentication. These topics demonstrate not only symbolic importance of relics but also their role as physical historical objects in material religious expression. T his is a fascinating collection, featuring the latest scholarship on relics and pilgrimage across Europe. It will therefore be of great interested to academics working in pilgrimage, religious history, material religion and religious studies as well as anthropology, archaeology, art and cultural studies. T his book has been undertaken within the framework of the research project of the Spanish Government entitled “Las peregrinaciones a Santiago de Compostela en la España de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX: entre tradición y modernidad en el contexto europeo”. MINEICO, Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento, 2015–2017, IP: Dr. Antón M. Pazos (CSIC), HAR2014–58753. A ntón M. Pazos is currently a member of the Pontifical Committee of Historical Sciences and Vice President of the International Commission for History and Studies of Christianity (CIHEC). He is also Deputy Director of the Instituto de Estudios Gallegos Padre Sarmiento (IEGPS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and a member of the editorial committees of the journals Hispania Sacra and C uadernos de Estudios Gallegos. At the IEGPS he is the coordinator of a line of research into pilgrimage, which has been the driving force behind several research projects, especially in the organization of the International Colloquia Compostela. Relics, Shrines and Pilgrimages Sanctity in Europe from Late Antiquity Edited by Antón M. Pazos F irst published 2020 b y Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN a nd by Routledge 5 2 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 R outledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Antón M. Pazos; individual chapters, the contributors T he right of Antón M. Pazos to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A ll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-18867-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-19890-8 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of figures vii List of tables viii Contributors ix Introduction: relics, holiness, and devotion 1 ANTÓN M. PAZOS 1 Relics as historical objects: overview, methods, and prospects 11 PHILIPPE GEORGE PART 1 The relics of St James in Europe 39 2 Relics and pilgrimages of St James the Greater in France 41 ADELINE RUCQUOI 3 Keeping the Angevin peace: the hand of St James in England 63 SIMON YARROW 4 Roncesvalles as a reliquary on the way to Santiago 78 JOSÉ ANDRÉS-GALLEGO, MERCEDES UNZU, MARÍA PERÉX, CARLOS ZUZA, NICOLÁS ZUAZÚA, AND MARÍA GARCÍA-BARBERENA 5 Visiting the Apostle Santiago: pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela in the 16th to 19th centuries 92 OFELIA REY CASTELAO 6 The course and consequences of the reinventio of the relics of St James in 1879 109 ANTÓN M. PAZOS vi Contents PART 2 Furta sacra 129 7 The theft of relics in the Middle Ages: arguments, typology, and legitimacy 131 EDINA BOZOKY 8 Furta sacra in southern Italy in the Middle Ages 146 AMALIA GALDI 9 The Three Magi: places of worship in Cologne Cathedral 164 KLAUS HARDERING PART 3 The resilience of relics and shrines 179 10 Mobile martyrs and forgotten shrines: the translation and domestication of relics in post-reformation England 181 ALEXANDRA WALSHAM 11 The life of dry bones: pilgrimage to relic shrines in Soviet Russia 203 STELLA ROCK PART 4 Relics and science 223 12 The relics of the True Cross: an interdisciplinary approach 225 GEORGES KAZAN AND THOMAS HIGHAM 13 The relics of St John in the monastery on the island of Sveti Ivan near Sozopol, Bulgaria: archaeological and scientific research 247 KAZIMIR POPKONSTANTINOV AND ROSSINA KOSTOVA Index 263 Figures 4.1 The archaeological site of Ibañeta 84 9.1 Shrine of the Three Magi, Cologne Cathedral 167 1 0.1 The shrine of Thomas Becket prior to demolition 185 1 0.2 “The Pedlar’s Chest” 193 11.1 St Simeon of Verkhoturye’s sarcophagus, 1910 206 11.2 “Bless you!” 209 12.1 Proposed layout of major relics of the Wood at Constantinople in c . 680 232 13.1 The marble reliquary 251 Tables 5.1 Patient admissions to Santiago Royal Hospital 101 5.2 Patient admissions to different hospitals 102 Contributors José Andrés-Gallego , PhD in Philosophy and Letters (University of Navarra). Emeritus Professor at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in the Instituto de Historia (Madrid). Former President of the Catholic Uni- versity of Ávila. Edina Bozoky , Emeritus Professor at the University of Poitiers. Member of the Centre d’Études Supérieures de Civilization Médiévale. She works on medieval religion, in particular on cults of saints and on relics and miracles. Amalia Galdi, Associate Professor of Medieval History at the University of Salerno, specialist in religious history and, in particular, the cults of the saints and hagiographic literature in Italy between the eighth and the 14th centuries. María García-Barberena, PhD in History. Archaeologist of the Gabinete Trama (Pamplona). P hilippe George, PhD in Philosophy and Letters (University of Liège). Cura- tor of the Treasure of the Cathedral of Liège. Former President of the Institut Archeologique Liégeois. Correspondant of the Societé Nationale des Antiquaires de France. K laus Hardering, PhD in History, studied history of art, historical geogra- phy, and town planning in Bonn and Leiden. Head of Cologne Cathedral Archive since 2007. Academic assistant at Cologne Cathedral from 1990. Thomas Higham , Professor of Archaeological Science and Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford. Co-founder of the Oxford Relics Cluster at Keble College, Oxford. G eorges Kazan, DPhil (Oxon) in Archaeology. Collegium Fellow, Turku Insti- tute for Advanced Studies & Department of Archaeology, University of Turku. Research Associate, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford. Co-founder of the Oxford Relics Cluster at Keble College, Oxford . Rossina Kostova , PhD in History (Central European University, Budapest). Associate Professor of Medieval Archaeology of Bulgaria and the Balkans