Structural Engineering D Reinforced ZeN a a dL n Corrosion-resistant, electromagnetic transparent and lightweight fiber-reinforced ehucn i a polymers (FRPs) are accepted as valid alternatives to steel in concrete reinforcement. Concrete with Reinforced Concrete with FRP Bars: Mechanics and Design, a technical guide R based on the authors’ more than 30 years of collective experience, provides principles, algorithms, and practical examples. e FRP Bars i n Well-illustrated with case studies on flexural and column-type members, the book covers internal, non-prestressed FRP reinforcement. It assumes some familiarity with f o reinforced concrete, and excludes prestressing and near-surface mounted reinforcement r applications. The text discusses FRP materials properties, and addresses testing and Mechanics and Design c quality control, durability, and serviceability. It provides a historical overview, and e emphasizes the ACI technical literature along with other research worldwide. d • Includes an explanation of the key physical mechanical properties of C FRP bars and their production methods o • Provides algorithms that govern design and detailing, including a new n formulation for the use of FRP bars in columns c • Offers a justification for the development of strength reduction factors r based on reliability considerations e • Uses a two-story building solved in Mathcad® that can become t a template for real projects e w This book is mainly intended for practitioners and focuses on the fundamentals of performance and design of concrete members with FRP reinforcement and reinforce- i t ment detailing. Graduate students and researchers can use it as a valuable resource. h Antonio Nanni is a professor at the University of Miami and the University of Naples F Federico II. Antonio De Luca and Hany Zadeh are consultant design engineers. R P B a Y103064 r Antonio Nanni 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW s Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 ISBN: 978-0-415-77882-4 711 Third Avenue 90000 New York, NY 10017 Antonio De Luca an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK 9 780415 778824 Hany Jawaheri Zadeh w w w.sponpre ss.com A SPON PRESS BOOK Y103064 cvr mech.indd 1 2/13/14 11:02 AM Reinforced Concrete with FRP Bars Mechanics and Design Reinforced Concrete with FRP Bars Mechanics and Design Antonio Nanni Antonio De Luca Hany Jawaheri Zadeh A SPON PRESS BOOK CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20131227 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-203-87429-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Our Families— Near and Afar Contents Preface xv About the authors xix PART I Materials and test methods 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 FRP reinforcement 4 1.3 FRP reinforced concrete 5 1.4 Acceptance by building officials 8 1.4.1 Premise on code adoption 8 1.4.2 The role of acceptance criteria from ICC-ES 9 1.5 Applications 10 References 21 2 Material properties 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 FRP bar 23 2.3 Constituent materials: Fibers and resin matrices 23 2.3.1 Fibers 24 2.3.1.1 Glass fiber 24 2.3.1.2 Carbon fiber 24 2.3.1.3 Aramid fiber 24 2.3.1.4 Basalt fiber 26 2.3.2 Matrices 26 2.3.2.1 Epoxies 26 2.3.2.2 Polyesters 28 2.3.2.3 Vinyl esters 28 vii viii Contents 2.4 Manufacturing by pultrusion 28 2.4.1 Gel time and peak exothermic temperature 31 References 32 3 FRP bar properties 35 3.1 Physical and mechanical properties of FRP bars 35 3.2 Test methods 38 3.2.1 ASTM test methods 38 3.2.2 ACI 440 test methods 44 3.3 Product certification and quality assurance 50 3.3.1 Constituent materials 51 3.3.2 Glass transition temperature (T ) 54 G 3.3.3 Bar size 54 3.3.4 Mechanical properties 55 3.3.5 Durability properties 56 3.3.6 Bent bars 57 3.4 Performance of FRP RC under fire conditions 57 References 58 PART II Analysis and design 65 4 Flexural members 67 Notation 67 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Structural analysis 72 4.2.1 Loading conditions for ultimate and serviceability limit states 72 4.2.2 Concrete properties 72 4.2.3 Cross-sectional properties 74 4.3 Initial member proportioning 75 4.4 FRP design properties 77 4.5 Bending moment capacity 78 4.5.1 Failure mode and flexural capacity 79 4.5.2 Nominal bending moment capacity of bond-critical sections 89 4.5.3 Minimum FRP reinforcement 90 4.5.4 Maximum FRP reinforcement 91 4.5.5 Examples—Flexural strength 92 Contents ix 4.6 Strength-reduction factors for flexure 101 4.6.1 ACI 440.1R-06 approach 101 4.6.2 New approach 103 4.6.3 Examples—Flexural strength-reduction factor 104 4.7 Anchorage and development length 108 4.8 Special considerations 110 4.8.1 Multiple layers of reinforcement 110 4.8.2 Redistribution of moments 112 4.8.3 Compression FRP in flexural members 113 4.9 Serviceability 114 4.9.1 Control of crack width 115 4.9.2 Control of deflections 117 4.9.2.1 Elastic immediate deflections of one-way slabs and beams 117 4.9.2.2 Elastic immediate deflections according to Bischoff 122 4.9.2.3 Elastic immediate deflections of two-way slabs 123 4.9.2.4 Concrete creep effects on deflections under sustained load 123 4.9.3 FRP creep rupture and fatigue 124 4.10 Shear capacity 125 4.10.1 Concrete contribution, V 126 c 4.10.2 Shear reinforcement contribution, V 130 f 4.10.3 Strength-reduction factor for shear 133 4.10.4 Examples—One-way shear strength 137 4.10.5 Examples—Two-way shear strength 139 4.10.6 Shear friction 140 4.10.7 Shear stresses due to torsion 141 4.11 Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement 144 4.12 Safety fire checks for bending moment capacity 144 References 146 5 Members subjected to combined axial load and bending moment 151 Notation 151 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 FRP bars as compression reinforcement 154 5.3 Overall design limitations for FRP RC columns 155