NewSecurityChallengesSeries GeneralEditor:StuartCroft,ProfessorofInternationalSecurityintheDepartmentofPolitics andInternationalStudiesattheUniversityofWarwick,UK,andDirectoroftheESRC’sNew SecurityChallengesProgramme. Thelastdecadedemonstratedthatthreatstosecurityvarygreatlyintheircausesandman- ifestations, and that they invite interest and demand responses from the social sciences, civilsocietyandaverybroadpolicycommunity.Inthepast,theavoidanceofwarwasthe primaryobjective,butwiththeendoftheColdWartheretentionofmilitarydefenceas thecentrepieceofinternationalsecurityagendabecameuntenable.Therehasbeen,there- fore,asignificantshiftinemphasisawayfromtraditionalapproachestosecuritytoanew agendathattalksofthesoftersideofsecurity,intermsofhumansecurity,economicsecurity andenvironmentalsecurity.ThetopicalNewSecurityChallengesSeriesreflectsthispressing politicalandresearchagenda. Titlesinclude: NatashaUnderhill COUNTERINGGLOBALTERRORISMANDINSURGENCY CalculatingtheRiskofState-FailureinAfghanistan,PakistanandIraq AbdulHaqqBaker EXTREMISTSINOURMIDST ConfrontingTerror RobinCameron SUBJECTSOFSECURITY DomesticEffectsofForeignPolicyintheWaronTerror SharylCross,SavoKentera,R.CraigNationandRadovanVukadinovic(editors) SHAPINGSOUTHEASTEUROPE’SSECURITYCOMMUNITYFORTHETWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Trust,Partnership,Integration TomDysonandTheodoreKonstadinides EUROPEANDEFENCECOOPERATIONINEULAWANDIRTHEORY HåkanEdström,JanneHaalandMatlaryandMagnusPetersson(editors) NATO:THEPOWEROFPARTNERSHIPS HåkanEdströmandDennisGyllensporre POLITICALASPIRATIONSANDPERILSOFSECURITY UnpackingtheMilitaryStrategyoftheUnitedNations HakanEdströmandDennisGyllensporre(editors) PURSUINGSTRATEGY NATOOperationsfromtheGulfWartoGaddafi HamedEl-Said NEWAPPROACHESTOCOUNTERINGTERRORISM DesigningandEvaluatingCounterRadicalizationandDe-RadicalizationPrograms PhilipEvertsandPierangeloIsernia PUBLICOPINION,TRANSATLANTICRELATIONSANDTHEUSEOFFORCE AdrianGallagher GENOCIDEANDITSTHREATTOCONTEMPORARYINTERNATIONALORDER KevinGillan,JennyPickerillandFrankWebster ANTI-WARACTIVISM NewMediaandProtestintheInformationAge JamesGowandIvanZverzhanovski SECURITY,DEMOCRACYANDWARCRIMES SecuritySectorTransformationinSerbia ToniHaastrup CHARTINGTRANSFORMATIONTHROUGHSECURITY ContemporaryEU-AfricaRelations EllenHallams,LucaRattiandBenZyla(editors) NATOBEYOND9/11 TheTransformationoftheAtlanticAlliance CarolinHilpert STRATEGICCULTURALCHANGEANDTHECHALLENGEFORSECURITYPOLICY GermanyandtheBundeswehr’sDeploymenttoAfghanistan ChristopherHobbs,MatthewMoranandDanielSalisbury(editors) OPENSOURCEINTELLIGENCEINTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY NewApproachesandOpportunities PaulJacksonandPeterAlbrecht RECONSTRUCTIONSECURITYAFTERCONFLICT SecuritySectorReforminSierraLeone JanneHaalandMatlary EUROPEANUNIONSECURITYDYNAMICS IntheNewNationalInterest SebastianMayer(editor) NATO’SPOST-COLDWARPOLITICS TheChangingProvisionofSecurity KevorkOskanian FEAR,WEAKNESSANDPOWERINTHEPOST-SOVIETSOUTHCAUCASUS ATheoreticalandEmpiricalAnalysis MichaelPugh,NeilCooperandMandyTurner(editors) WHOSEPEACE?CRITICALPERSPECTIVESONTHEPOLITICALECONOMYOF PEACEBUILDING NathanRoger IMAGEWARFAREINTHEWARONTERROR AglayaSnetkovandStephenAris THEREGIONALDIMENSIONSTOSECURITY OtherSidesofAfghanistan HolgerStritzel SECURITYINTRANSLATION SecuritizationTheoryandtheLocalizationofThreat AliTekinandPaulAndrewWilliams GEO-POLITICSOFTHEEURO-ASIAENERGYNEXUS TheEuropeanUnion,RussiaandTurkey AidenWarrenandIngvildBode GOVERNINGTHEUSE-OF-FORCEININTERNATIONALRELATIONS ThePost9/11ChallengeonInternationalLaw ElizabethMonier REGIONALINSECURITYAFTERTHEARABUPRISINGS NarrativesofSecurityandThreat NewSecurityChallengesSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–00216–6(hardback)and ISBN978–0–230–00217–3(paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder. Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwith yournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNsquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Regional Insecurity After the Arab Uprisings Narratives of Security and Threat Editedby Elizabeth Monier UniversityofWarwick,UK Introduction,selectionandeditorialmatter©ElizabethMonier2015 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015 Foreword©BahgatKorany2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-50396-1 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-70003-5 ISBN 978-1-137-50397-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137503978 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. For Alexander Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgements xiii NotesonContributors xiv 1 Introduction:Narrativesof(In)securityand(In)stabilityin theMiddleEast 1 ElizabethMonier Part I RegionalApproachestoSecurity:TheCaseof theMiddleEastandNorthAfrica 2 Region,Security,RegionalSecurity:“WhoseMiddleEast?” Revisited 19 PinarBilgin 3 RegionalizingSecurityintheMiddleEast:Connectingthe RegionalandtheGlobal 40 LouiseFawcett 4 Sub-regionsandSecurityintheArabMiddleEast: “hierarchicalinterdependence”inGulf-LevantRelations 58 MarinaCalculli Part II IdentityandThreatPerceptionsasRegional SecurityChallenges 5 Self–OtherConstructions,DifferenceandThreat:USand Arab“Othering”ofIran 85 SybilleReinkedeBuitrago 6 WhoseSecurityLensonGenderMattersintheArab Uprisings? 107 MarizTadros 7 TheGeopoliticsoftheSunni–ShiaRift 129 AugustusRichardNorton vii viii Contents Part III SecurityandSecuritizingtheMiddleEast AftertheArabSpring 8 AResurgenceinArabRegionalInstitutions?TheCasesof theArabLeagueandtheGulfCooperationCouncil Post-2011 151 SallyKhalifaIsaac 9 TheSeason’sPendulum:ArabSpringPoliticsandIsraeli Security 168 TamiAmandaJacoby 10 NeighbourhoodNarrativesFrom“ZeroProblemsWith Neighbours”to“PreciousLoneliness”:Turkey’s ResecuritizedMiddleEastPolicyAftertheArabSpring 187 BezenBalamirCos¸kun 11 TheMiddleEastTornBetweenRivalChoices:Islamism, InternationalSecurityandDemocraticPeace 204 BassamTibi Index 224 Foreword The 11 chapters of this book not only link with the overall debate in security studies but also aim to push it further. This volume thus joins thefew,stillfew,booksonthisregionwhichaimtogobeyondthetradi- tionalmilitary-based“nationalsecurity”conceptandbringinidentity, normsandnarrativesofthreatsfrominsidetheregion.Simplyput,the bookdrivesthepointhomethatsecurityhasindeed“manyfaces”. The book’s chapters bring to light some of the under-studied aspects ofMiddleEastsecurity.Intheprocess,itenrichestheoverallworldsecu- ritydebate,makingitmorereflectiveofvariousregionalcontexts.This debatewillcontinuetobecomemoreuniversalasitcontinuestoevolve. Inthe1960sand1970s,traditionalstrategicstudieswiththeirempha- sisonexternalandmilitarythreatswerecontestedby“peaceresearch”. Peaceresearchattemptedtoattractattentiontonon-militarythreatsand emphasizedtheneedtogobeyondtheobsessionwithbalanceofpower, deterrenceandarmsraces.TheendoftheColdWar,withoutthefeared nuclearcollision,widenedthe“securitydebate”evenmore.Itwasthen explicitlystatedthat“national-security”wasnotonlytoostate-centred butcouldalsoberegime-serving.“Cryingwolf”isusedbymanyelitesin powertodrainnationalresourcesawayfromseriousnationalproblems andenablethemtostayinpower.“Humansecurity”,sinceitsinception by Mahboub El-Haq in a World Bank publication in 1994, promoted a moresociety-centredconcernwithsecurity. However, the spectre of the state as the basic referent continued to haunt security studies. This book, with its study of intra-state con- flicts and regional organizations, is a further invitation to relax the unduly statist and unjustified straitjacket. Instead, it attracts attention to a Middle East security complex with its increasingly multi-layered threatdimension.Thebookalsomakesusthinkofpotentialinsecurity spillovers: from al-Qaeda’s 9/11 internationalization to France’s semi- equivalent to 9/11 (Charlie Hebdo) in January 2015, and even potential IslamicStateofSyriaandIraq(ISIS)attacksandthepresenceofasimilar componentof(un)civilsociety. Infact,andasaresultofthisover-crowdedmapofthreats,writingon the Middle East at the present more than at any other time should be humbling. You are shooting at a moving target. Actors and factors are notonlytoomany,buttheirshiftingconnectionsandalliancesaddto ix