WORLD E C N E R E F E R E V E R Y T H I N G Y O U N E E D T O K N O W A B O U T O U R P L A N E T T O D A Y WOR L D E C N ATLAS E R E F E R London • New York • Melbourne • Munich • Delhi WOR L D E C N ATLAS E R E F E R LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, DELHI FOR THE NINTH EDITION Publisher Jonathan Metcalf Art Director(cid:3)Philip Ormerod Associate Publisher(cid:3)Liz Wheeler Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford Cartographers Encompass Graphics Ltd, Brighton, UK Index database David Roberts(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)Jacket Designer Mark Cavanagh Production Controller Charlotte Cade Producer Rebekah Parsons-King General Geographical Consultants Physical Geography Denys Brunsden, Emeritus Professor, Department of Geography, King’s College, London(cid:3) Human Geography Professor J Malcolm Wagstaff, Department of Geography, University of Southampton Place Names Caroline Burgess, Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, London Boundaries International Boundaries Research Unit, Mountjoy Research Centre, University of Durham Digital Mapping Consultants DK Cartopia developed by George Galfalvi and XMap Ltd, London Professor Jan-Peter Muller, Department of Photogrammetry and Surveying, University College, London Cover globes, planets and information on the Solar System provided by Philip Eales and Kevin Tildsley, Planetary Visions Ltd, London Regional Consultants North America Dr David Green, Department of Geography, King’s College, London • Jim Walsh, Head of Reference, Wessell Library, Tufts University, Medford, Massachussetts South America Dr David Preston, School of Geography, University of Leeds Europe Dr Edward M Yates, formerly of the Department of Geography, King’s College, London Africa Dr Philip Amis, Development Administration Group, University of Birmingham • Dr Ieuan Ll Griffiths, Department of Geography, University of Sussex Dr Tony Binns, Department of Geography, University of Sussex Central Asia Dr David Turnock, Department of Geography, University of Leicester South and East Asia Dr Jonathan Rigg, Department of Geography, University of Durham Australasia and Oceania Dr Robert Allison, Department of Geography, University of Durham Acknowledgments Digital terrain data created by Eros Data Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA. Processed by GVS Images Inc, California, USA and Planetary Visions Ltd, London, UK Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA), Cambridge, UK • Digitization by Robertson Research International, Swanley, UK • Peter Clark British Isles maps generated from a dataset supplied by Map Marketing Ltd/European Map Graphics Ltd in combination with DK Cartopia copyright data DORLING KINDERSLEY CARTOGRAPHY Editor-in-Chief Andrew Heritage (cid:3)Managing Cartographer(cid:3)David Roberts Senior Cartographic Editor Roger Bullen Editorial Direction Louise Cavanagh Database Manager Simon Lewis Art Direction Chez Picthall Cartographers Pamela Alford • James Anderson • Caroline Bowie • Dale Buckton • Tony Chambers • Jan Clark • Bob Croser • Martin Darlison • Damien Demaj • Claire Ellam • Sally Gable Jeremy Hepworth • Geraldine Horner • Chris Jackson • Christine Johnston • Julia Lunn • Michael Martin • Ed Merritt • James Mills-Hicks • Simon Mumford • John Plumer John Scott • Ann Stephenson • Gail Townsley • Julie Turner • Sarah Vaughan • Jane Voss • Scott Wallace • Iorwerth Watkins • Bryony Webb • Alan Whitaker • Peter Winfield Digital Maps Created in DK Cartopia by Placenames Database Team Tom Coulson • Thomas Robertshaw Natalie Clarkson • Ruth Duxbury • Caroline Falce • John Featherstone • Dan Gardiner Philip Rowles • Rob Stokes Ciárán Hynes • Margaret Hynes • Helen Rudkin • Margaret Stevenson • Annie Wilson Managing Editor Senior Managing Art Editor Lisa Thomas Philip Lord Editors Designers Thomas Heath • Wim Jenkins • Jane Oliver Scott David • Carol Ann Davis • David Douglas • Rhonda Fisher Siobhan Ryan • Elizabeth Wyse Karen Gregory • Nicola Liddiard • Paul Williams Editorial Research Illustrations Helen Dangerfield • Andrew Rebeiro-Hargrave Ciárán Hughes • Advanced Illustration, Congleton, UK Additional Editorial Assistance Picture Research Debra Clapson • Robert Damon • Ailsa Heritage Melissa Albany • James Clarke • Anna Lord Constance Novis • Jayne Parsons • Chris Whitwell Christine Rista • Sarah Moule • Louise Thomas First American edition, 1997. Previous editions of this book published as World Atlas. This revised edition, 2013. Published in the United States by DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 181749 – July 2013 © Copyright 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013 Dorling Kindersley Limited. All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Ltd. A Penguin company. DK Publishing books are available at special A catalog record for this book is avaiable from the Library of Congress discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotion, premiums, fundraising, or educational use. ISBN 978-1-4654-0860-0 For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, Printed and bound in Hong Kong by Hung Hing New York, New York 10014 or [email protected] Discover more at www.dk.com Introduction EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT OUR PLANET TODAY For many, the outstanding legacy of the twentieth century was the way in which the Earth shrank. In the third millennium, it is increasingly important for us to have a clear vision of the world in which we live. The human population has increased fourfold since 1900. The last scraps of terra incognita— the polar regions and ocean depths—have been penetrated and mapped. New regions have been colonized and previously hostile realms claimed for habitation. The growth of air transportation and mass tourism allows many of us to travel further, faster, and more frequently than ever before. In doing so we are given a bird’s-eye view of the Earth’s surface denied to our forebears. At the same time, the amount of information about our world has grown enormously. Our multi- media environment hurls uninterrupted streams of data at us, on the printed page, through the airwaves and across our television, computer, and phone screens; events from all corners of the globe reach us instantaneously, and are witnessed as they unfold. Our sense of stability and certainty has been eroded; instead, we are aware that the world is in a constant state of flux and change. Natural disasters, man-made cataclysms, and conflicts between nations remind us daily of the enormity and fragility of our domain. The ongoing threat of international terrorism throws into very stark relief the difficulties that arise when trying to "know" or "understand" our planet and its many cultures. The current crisis in our "global" culture has made the need greater than ever before for everyone to possess an atlas. DK's REFERENCE WORLD ATLAS has been conceived to meet this need. At its core, like all atlases, it seeks to define where places are, to describe their main characteristics, and to locate them in relation to other places. Every attempt has been made to make the information on the maps as clear, accurate, and accessible as possible using the latest digital cartographic techniques. In addition, each page of the atlas provides a wealth of further information, bringing the maps to life. Using photographs, diagrams, at-a-glance maps, introductory texts, and captions, the atlas builds up a detailed portrait of those features—cultural, political, economic, and geomorphological—that make each region unique, and which are also the main agents of change. This ninth edition of the REFERENCE WORLD ATLAS incorporates hundreds of revisions and updates affecting every map and every page, distilling the burgeoning mass of information available through modern technology into an extraordinarily detailed and reliable view of our world. The Caribbean .....................................................................44–45 C O N T E N T S Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Navassa Island, Puerto Rico, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & Introduction ........................................................................................v ATLAS OF THE WORLD the Grenadines, Sint Maarten, Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos Islands, Virgin Islands (US) Contents ........................................................................................vi–vii North America South America How to use this Atlas .................................................viii–ix THE WORLD NORTH AMERICA ...................................................................1 SOUTH AMERICA .....................................................46–47 PHYSICAL NORTH AMERICA................................2–3 PHYSICAL SOUTH AMERICA .............................48–49 POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA ..............................4–5 POLITICAL SOUTH AMERICA ..............................50–51 The solar system....................................................................x–xi NORTH AMERICAN RESOURCES ......................6–7 SOUTH AMERICAN RESOURCES ....................52–53 The physical world ........................................................xii–xiii Canada .................................................................................................8–9 Northern South America ......................................54–55 Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Canada: Western Provinces ..................................10–11 Suriname, Venezuela Structure of the Earth .............................................xiv–xv Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Yukon Western South America .........................................56–57 Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru Shaping the landscape .........................................xvi–xvii Canada: Eastern Provinces ......................................12–13 New Brunswick, Newfoundland & Labrador, Brazil .................................................................................................58–59 Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, The world’s oceans ..................................................xviii–xix Québec, St Pierre & Miquelon Eastern South America ............................................60–61 Southeast Brazil, Northeast Argentina, Uruguay Southeastern Canada ..................................................14–15 The global climate .......................................................xx–xxi Southern Ontario, Southern Québec Southern South America ......................................62–63 Argentina, Chile, Paraguay United States of America .......................................16–17 Life on Earth ...................................................................xxii–xxiii The Atlantic Ocean ......................................................64–65 USA: Northeastern States ......................................18–19 Population and settlement .........................xxiv–xxv Connecticut, Maine, Massachussetts, Africa New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont The economic system .....................................xxvi–xxvii USA: Mid-Eastern States .........................................20–21 Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, The political world .............................................xxviii–xxix Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia States and boundaries .......................................xxx–xxxi USA: Southern States ..................................................22–23 Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi AFRICA ..............................................................................................66–67 International disputes ....................................................xxxii USA: Texas ..................................................................................24–25 PHYSICAL AFRICA .............................................................68–69 POLITICAL AFRICA ..............................................................70–71 USA: South Midwestern States.......................26–27 Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma AFRICAN RESOURCES ...................................................72–73 USA: Upper Plains States ........................................28–29 North Africa ............................................................................74–75 Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara USA: Great Lakes States ...........................................30–31 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin West Africa ..............................................................................76–77 Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, USA: North Mountain States ............................32–33 Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo USA: California & Nevada ......................................34–35 Central Africa ........................................................................78–79 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, USA: South Mountain States ............................36–37 Dem. Rep. Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah Sao Tome & Principe USA: Hawaii & Alaska ..................................................38–39 East Africa .................................................................................80–81 Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Mexico ............................................................................................40–41 Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Central America................................................................ 42–43 Southern Africa..................................................................82–83 Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe vi Europe Asia Australasia & Oceania EUROPE .............................................................................................84–85 ASIA ....................................................................................................128–129 PHYSICAL EUROPE ...........................................................86–87 PHYSICAL ASIA .....................................................................130–131 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA ................................174–175 POLITICAL EUROPE .........................................................88–89 POLITICAL ASIA ..................................................................132–133 POLITICAL AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA ..................................................................176–177 EUROPEAN RESOURCES .............................................90–91 ASIAN RESOURCES ........................................................134–135 AUSTRALASIAN & Scandinavia, Finland & Iceland .......................92–93 Turkey & the Caucasus .........................................136–137 Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Svalbard, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey OCEANIAN RESOURCES ............................178–179 Sweden The Near East ...................................................................138–139 Australia ....................................................................................180–181 Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria Southern Scandinavia ................................................94–95 Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Southern Norway, The Arabian Peninsula ............................................140–141 Southeast Australia ...................................................182–183 Southern Sweden New South Wales, South Australia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tasmania, Victoria United Arab Emirates, Yemen The British Isles ...................................................................96–97 Channel Islands, Ireland, Isle of Man, Iran & the Gulf States .............................................142–143 New Zealand ......................................................................184–185 United Kingdom Bahrain, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates Melanesia ...............................................................................186–187 The Low Countries .......................................................98–99 Kazakhstan ............................................................................144–145 Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Central Asia .........................................................................146–147 Germany ..................................................................................100–101 Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Micronesia ............................................................................188–189 Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, France ..........................................................................................102–103 Afghanistan & Pakistan .........................................148–149 Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Wake Island France, Monaco South Asia ..............................................................................150–151 Polynesia...................................................................................190–191 The Iberian Peninsula ............................................104–105 Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Cook Islands, Easter Island, French Polynesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Andorra, Gibraltar, Portugal, Spain Kiribati, Niue, Pitcairn Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Northern India & the Wallis & Futuna The Italian Peninsula ...............................................106–107 Italy, San Marino, Vatican City Himalayan States ................................................152–153 The Pacific Ocean ........................................................192–193 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Northern India The Alpine States .......................................................108–109 Southern India & Sri Lanka .............................154–155 Antarctica ..............................................................................194–195 Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Switzerland The Arctic ..............................................................................196–197 Mainland East Asia .....................................................156–157 Central Europe ....................................................................110–111 China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia Western China .................................................................158–159 INDEX–GAZETTEER Southeast Europe ..........................................................112–113 Eastern China .....................................................................160–161 Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Eastern China, Taiwan Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia Northeastern China, Geographical comparisons ............................198–199 Bulgaria & Greece ..........................................................114–115 Mongolia & Korea ..............................................162–163 (including European Turkey) Countries of the world Mongolia, Northeastern China, North Korea, Romania, Moldova & Ukraine ........................116–117 South Korea including The time zones ....................200–207 Japan ........................................................................................... 164–165 The Baltic States & Belarus ...............................118–119 Geographical glossary .........................................208–210 Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kaliningrad Mainland Southeast Asia ...................................166–167 Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Paracel Islands, Geographical names .............................................................211 The Mediterranean ......................................................120–121 Thailand, Vietnam Index .............................................................................................212–349 West Maritime Southeast Asia ................168–169 The Russian Federation ........................................122–123 Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore Acknowledgements .............................................................350 Northern European Russia ...............................124–125 East Maritime Southeast Asia ......................170–171 East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines Southern European Russia ................................126–127 The Indian Ocean .........................................................172–173 vii INTRODUCTION Key to maps How to use this Atlas Regional Physical features Communications Typographic key The atlas is organized by continent, moving eastward from the International Date Line. The opening section describes the world’s elevation motorway / highway Physical features structure, systems, and its main features. The Atlas of the World which motorway / highway 6000m / 19,686ft (under construction) landscape features Namib Desert follows, is a continent-by-continent guide to today’s world, starting with 4000m / 13,124ft major road Massif Central a comprehensive insight into the physical, political, and economic ANDES 3000m / 9843ft minor road structure of each continent, followed by integrated mapping and 2000m / 6562ft tunnel (road) headland Nordkapp descriptions of each region or country. main railroad 1000m / 3281ft minor railroad elevation / The world 500m / 1640ft volcano / pass Mount Meru tunnel (railroad) 4556 m 250m / 820ft The introductory section of the Atlas deals with every aspect of the drainage features Lake Geneva international airport planet, from physical structure to human geography, providing an 100m / 328ft rivers / canals overall picture of the world we live in. Complex topics such as the sea level spring / well / below sea level Borders waterhole / oasis / landscape of the Earth, climate, oceans, population, and economic waterfall / patterns are clearly explained with the aid of maps and diagrams rapids / dam Mekong elevation above sea level full international drawn from the latest information. 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