Zootaxa 3925 (3): 341–360 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) Article ZOOTAXA www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.3.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE2AE8E-F07D-4892-AF6F-417D3D6597E4 Redescription of Hemieuryale pustulata von Martens, 1867 (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) based on Brazilian specimens, with notes on systematics and habitat association ANNE ISABELLEY GONDIM1,4, THELMA LÚCIA PEREIRA DIAS2, MARTIN LINDSEY CHRISTOFFERSEN1 & SABINE STÖHR3 1Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Invertebrados Paulo Young, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Campus I, Cidade Universitária, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil 2Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Laboratório de Biologia Marinha, CCBS, Departamento de Biologia, Campus I, Rua Baraúnas, 351, Bairro Universitário, CEP 58429-500, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil 3Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract We redescribe Hemieuryale pustulata on the basis of 325 specimens obtained from the continental shelf off northeastern and southeastern Brazil. This is the first record of the species for Brazil. We illustrate for the first time details of the dental plate, oral plate, and vertebrae. Few morphological variations were observed in our extensive material. All specimens were associated with the gorgonian Nicella guadalupensis, suggesting an obligatory association in the Brazilian littoral. H. pus- tulata did not reveal a particular pattern of distribution on its host gorgonian, but larger gorgonians tend to support a larger number of ophiuroids. In addition to expanding the knowledge on morphology and ecology, we extend the known bathy- metric distribution of the species, which is now known from 18 to 330 m. Key words: Brittle-stars, Hemieuryalidae, morphology, taxonomy, ecology Resumo Este estudo apresenta uma redescrição para Hemieuryale pustulata a partir de 325 espécimes obtidos na plataforma con- tinental do nordeste e sudeste brasileiro, sendo este o primeiro registro da espécie para o Brasil. São descritos e ilustrados pela primeira vez alguns caracteres internos para esta espécie, tais como placa dental, placa oral e vértebras. Poucas vari- ações morfológicas foram observadas nos exemplares estudados. Todos os espécimes analisados estavam associados à gorgônia Nicella guadalupensis, sugerindo uma associação simbiótica obrigatória no litoral brasileiro. H. pustulata não apresentou um padrão claro de distribuição na gorgônia-habitat, porém, pode-se constatar que gorgônias maiores abrigam maior abundância de indivíduos. Além dos dados morfológicos e ecológicos apresentados, este estudo amplia o intervalo de faixa batimétrica desta espécie, agora conhecida de 18 a 330 m de profundidade. Palavras-chave: Estrelas-serpentes, Hemieuryalidae, morfologia, taxonomia, ecologia Introduction Hemieuryalidae is probably one of the least known families of Ophiuroidea, regarding ecology and morphology, as well as phylogeny. Its species are rare and difficult to obtain (Murakami 1963). Probably for these reasons, knowledge of these animals is almost completely restricted to the original descriptions of the species. The family Hemieuryalidae was erected by Verrill (1899a), initially to incorporate the genera Ophioplus Verrill, 1899a, Hemieuryale von Martens, 1867 and Sigsbeia Lyman, 1878. Over the next years, six new genera were established in this family, as follows: Ophiochondrus Lyman, 1869, Ophiomoeris Koehler, 1904, Accepted by M. Eleaume: 30 Jan. 2015; published: 2 Mar. 2015 341 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 Ophioholcus H.L. Clark, 1915, Amphigyptis Nielsen, 1932, Quironia A.H. Clark, 1934, and Ophioleila A.H. Clark, 1949). The family has never been revised systematically since. Only recently, Martynov (2010) proposed to change the placement of the genera Ophiochondrus and Ophiomoeris from Hemieuryalidae to Ophiacanthidae Ljungman, 1867, based on his study of the morphology of the spine articulation and of the dental plate of all families of Ophiuroidea. The position of Ophiomoeris within Ophiacanthidae was recently confirmed by a molecular phylogeny reconstruction (O’Hara et al. 2014), but no hemieuryalid was included in that study. At present, Hemieuryalidae contains seven genera (all monotypic except for Sigsbeia) and 10 species (Stöhr et al. 2012). Hemieuryale von Martens, 1867 is the type genus of the family. In the description of the genus, von Martens (1867) stressed its strong similarity with some Euryalida Gray, 1840. In his view, Hemieuryale represented an intermediate form between Euryalida and Ophiurida Müller & Troschel, 1840. However, this observation was not supported by a morphological cladistic analysis produced by Smith et al. (1995). Yet, the phylogenetic relationships of this genus/family with the remaining taxa of Ophiuroidea have still not been resolved. The only species known for the genus is Hemieuryale pustulata von Martens, 1867, originally described on the basis of two specimens from “Antilles”. Although it represents one of the most common species of Hemieuryalidae, its morphology and ecology are practically unknown. The presence of a mosaic of small plates instead of dorsal arm plates is the main diagnostic character to separate H. pustulata from the remaining species in the family (e.g. Fell 1960). This character must be regarded as a specialization of H. pustulata (not as a family character) to allow the inclusion of species with regular dorsal arm plates in the same family. Species of Hemieuryalidae usually live associated with octocorals of the genera Nicella Gray, 1870 (personal observation) and Verrucella Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 (Verrill 1899a, b) and hydrocorals of the genus Stylaster Gray, 1831 (Hendler et al. 1995). Associations between ophiuroids and gorgonians are quite common, particularly at greater depths (below 100 m). In these environments, gorgonians (and other taxa such as antipatharians and sponges) may confer higher complexity to deep habitats, functioning as microhabitats for the macrofauna of these sites. Some of these relationships are obligate, the symbiont occurring only on one or a few host species, while others appear to be facultative (Buhl-Mortensen & Mortensen 2004; Moscher & Watling 2009). According to Buhl-Mortensen & Mortensen (2005), approximately 32% of the symbiotic associations between deep-water corals and other animals are obligatory. In a conservation context, it becomes important to know and understand these relations, particularly when poorly known species are involved, as is the case with H. pustulata. In the present paper we redescribe H. pustulata on the basis of abundant material obtained from representative parts of the Brazilian littoral. We provide an extended diagnosis for the genus, the description of juvenile individuals and illustrations of internal characters, such as the dental and oral plates. None of these features were previously known for the species or family. We further present data on the abundance and distribution of H. pustulata on its host gorgonians and discuss the association of H. pustulata with its particular habitat. Material and methods The present study was based on 325 specimens of Hemieuryale pustulata associated with the gorgonian Nicella guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860). Of these, 150 were captured by a fisherman using a hook and line. They came from the continental shelf at about 40 km offshore of Macau City, along the northern coast of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil (4º42’09.9"S 36º28’08.2"W) from a depth of approximately 100 m. These specimens were preserved as dry samples and were deposited in the echinoderm collection of the Paulo Young Invertebrate Collection of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB.ECH). Three other specimens were obtained from dredgings during the Program REVIZEE Central Score (Programa de Avaliação do Potencial Sustentável de Recursos Vivos na Zona Econômica Exclusiva), between 240 and 500 m depth in Rio de Janeiro (22º12’56”S 37º35’15”W), and they were preserved in alcohol at 70%, and deposited in the echinoderm collection (EQMN) of the in Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). The remaining 172 specimens (preserved in alcohol at 70%) belong to the Laboratory of Biodiversity of the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), being collected in the Potiguar Basin (05°05’19”S 36°31’18”W), State of Rio Grande do Norte, at a mean depth of 200 m. Unfortunately we do not have further details on methods of collecting of the material deposited in MNRJ and UFPE. Taxonomic identification was based on the descriptions by von Martens (1867), and Verrill (1899b), and 342 · Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press GONDIM ET AL. achieved by using a key (Fell 1960), as well as by comparison with reliably identified museum material, including syntypes. The disc diameter was measured using a digital EDC 6" caliper, and the specimens were photographed using a Canon A640 10MP digital camera coupled to a Nikon SMZ800 stereomicroscope. For the SEM photographs, the jaw and fragments of the first 10 arm segments were submerged in commercial bleach (NaOCl) 2,5%, until all soft tissue was dissolved. The skeletal elements were washed in tap water, air-dried and mounted on aluminum stubs with carbon ribbons and metalized with gold. In order to analyze H. pustulata in situ, the density and the distribution of individuals was calculated from gorgonians collected by chance with fishing line and hook. For each gorgonian, the following data were obtained: width and height of gorgonian (in mm), number of individuals of H. pustulata on each gorgonian and disc diameter (dd, in mm) of each specimen. To analyze the distribution of the gorgonians, they were subdivided into four quadrants (Fig. 1). For each quadrant, we obtained the number of individuals and the disc diameter for each specimen of ophiuroid. To analyze the patterns in abundance and distribution of brittle star individuals among the studied gorgonians, we applied the PERMANOVA test. The same analysis was also used to compare the mean size of individuals in each quadrant. To measure the degree of dependence between the area of each gorgonian (width x height) and the abundance and size of the ophiuroids we used the Pearson correlation. The tests were run with the programs Primer 6.0 & Permanova+ and Bioestat 5.0. For all statistical analyses only ophiuroids that were attached to the gorgonian were considered. Those ophiuroids that had become detached from their gorgonian host were only used in the taxonomic study. Abbreviations. dd = disc diameter; spm(s) = specimen(s). FIGURE 1. (A) Schematic drawing of a gorgonian colony, illustrating the subdivision into quadrants from which we obtained data on abundance and distribution of Hemieuryale pustulata; (B) Gorgonian Nicella guadalupensis with several juvenile and adult specimens of H. pustulata (UFPB.ECH.2169) distributed across the colony without an apparent pattern. Results Systematics Class Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 Order Ophiurida Müller & Troschel, 1840 Family Hemieuryalidae Verrill, 1899 Hemieuryalidae Verrill 1899a: 70; 1899b: 363.―H.L. Clark 1915: 190.―Matsumoto 1915: 62, 65–66; 1917: 138–140.―A.H. REDESCRIPTION OF HEMIEURYALE PUSTULATA Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 343 Clark 1921: 52.―Hyman 1955: 647.―Fell 1960: 12 (key).―Murakami 1963: 11–12, 40.―Tommasi 1970: 15.―Bernasconi & D’Agostino 1971: 455; 1977: 73.―Abreu-Pérez 1990: 3.―Hendler et al. 1995: 142.―Kutscher & Villier 2003: 189.―O’Hara & Stöhr 2006: 119.―Laguarda-Figueras et al. 2009: 172, fig. 68a–d.―Martynov 2010: 30, 44, 125.―Barboza & Borges 2012: 5. Type genus. Hemieuryale von Martens, 1867. Diagnosis (modified from Verrill 1899a and Martynov 2010). Disc pentagonal, covered by thick plates. Radial shields large. Dorsal arm plates entire or replaced by a mosaic of small plates, accompanied by accessory dorsal arm plate. Lateral arm plates separated by accessory plates. A row of oral papillae. Bursal slits small, placed near margins of oral shields. Arm spines short and few. Spine articulation composed of two parallel ridges placed at an angle to each other. Remarks. According to Verrill (1899a) this family has strongly calcified jaw plates and its species are very similar, in shape and habitus, to species of Euryalida Lamarck, 1816 with simple arms. Its representatives live associated with calcareous hydrocorals and octocorals. Species are distributed from Hawaii and California (USA) to the Caribbean Sea. The present study expands this distribution range to the Brazilian coast (up to 18ºS). Species occur between depths of 4 and 500 m (Koehler 1914; Hendler et al. 1995). The first fossil record of a member of the Hemieuryalidae dates from the Early Jurassic (Smith et al. 1995). Presently only one fossil species is known from the family, which belongs to the genus Hemieuryale (H. parva Kutscher & Jagt, 2000 †—from Lower Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous). Thuy (2013) recently transferred the fossil species Sigsbeia lunaris (Hess, 1962) † (from Late Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic) to the extinct genus Inexpectacantha Thuy 2011† (Ophiacanthidae). Genus Hemieuryale von Martens, 1867 Hemieuryale von Martens 1867: 484.―Lütken 1869: 47.―Lyman 1882: 249.―Verrill 1899b: 363–364.―H.L. Clark 1915: 192. Sigsbeia (not Sigsbeia Lyman, 1878).―Barboza & Borges 2012: 5. Type-species. Hemieuryale pustulata von Martens 1867. Diagnosis. Swollen radial primary plates, numerous flat overlapping scales in center of dorsal disc. A mosaic of small plates on dorsal arm. Accessory dorsal arm plate swollen and rounded, much enlarged on first free arm segment. Lateral arm plate large with tuberculous stereom. Small triangular extraoral plate, present on all or only some jaws. Short bursal slits lateral to oral shields. Two short arm spines, about half the length of an arm segment, with a crown of thorns at tip. Remarks. In the original description of the genus, von Martens (1867) provides the following diagnostic characters, some of which need to be modified according to the new findings (in parentheses): arms simple, sides of arms provided with a series of large bumps (= swollen accessory plates), without differentiated madreporic plate (in SEM identifiable by hydropore), bursal slit located on inferior and lateral parts of oral shields, a row of oral papillae, teeth absent (clearly present). According to Lyman (1878), Hemieuryale and Sigsbeia form a peculiar group, in which both genera are differentiated from each other by the shape of the dorsal arm plate, forming a mosaic of small pieces in the first genus, and being an entire plate in the second. A detailed study of Sigsbeia is needed to decide if they indeed are a monophyletic taxon. Hemieuryale pustulata von Martens, 1867 Figures 2A–F; 3A–G; 4A–J; 5A–E Hemieuryale pustulata von Martens 1867: 179, 484–486, fig. 2a–c.―Lyman 1869: 313; 1883: 277.―Verrill 1899b: 363–364.―H.L. Clark 1915: 192.—Matsumoto 1917: 140. ―A.H. Clark 1921: 52.―Fell 1960: 12.―Emson & Woodley 1987: 33.―Martynov 2010: 48, fig. 36a.―Alvarado 2011: 270.―Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013: 624. Type material. Museum of Natural History of Berlin (Museum für Naturkunde). Two syntypes, MZB 1739. (Examined on photographs, provided by C. Lüter). 344 · Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press GONDIM ET AL. Type locality. 18° N; 70° W, Antilles, Caribbean Sea. Material examined. Continental shelf in front of Municipality off Macau, of Rio Grande do Norte, 100 m: 1 spm, 17 Oct 2010 [UFPB.ECH.2159], 9 spms, 14 Sep 2012 [UFPB.ECH.2171], 13 spms, 06 Nov 2010 [UFPB.ECH.2169], 16 spms, 16 Feb 2011 [UFPB.ECH.2172], 23 spms, 17 Oct 2010 [UFPB.ECH.2173], 7 spms 04 Jul 2010 [UFPB.ECH.2175], 120 m: 25 spms, 24 Sep 2011 [UFPB.ECH.2170], continental shelf in front of Diogo Lopes, Macau, Rio Grande do Norte, 4º40’31,05”S 36º28’30,01”W, 130 m: 17 spms, 04 Jun 2012 [UFPB.ECH.2167], 5 spms, 15 Mar 2012 [UFPB.ECH.2168], 10 spms, 08 Dec 2012 [UFPB.ECH.2174], 4º42’09,9”S 36º28’08,22”W, 100 m: 7 spms, 23 Sep 2010 [UFPB.ECH.2163], 3 spms, 16 Aug 2012 [UFPB.ECH.2164], 4 spms, 09 Mar 2010 [UFPB.ECH.2166], 4º47’56,47”S 36º27’33,59”W, 130 m: 2 spms, 12 Dec 2011 [UFPB.ECH.2162], 8 spms, 18 Aug 2011 [UFPB.ECH.2165], 1 spm., 8 July 2010, [UFPB.ECH.212176], 2 spms., 04º44,8945’S, 36º25,4571, Potiguar Basin, 23 May 2011 [UFPB.ECH.2177], REVIZEE Central, col. N. Oc. Almirante Saldanha, 22º12’56”S, 250–500 m, calcareous bottom: 1 spm, 12 Jun 2002 [EQMN 2955], REVIZEE Central, 22º22’56”S 37º35’15”W, 240–300 m, bottom of rhodoliths: 2 spms, 12 Jun 2002 [EQMN 2953], Potiguar Basin, Rio Grande do Norte: 172 spms, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, without registration number. Diagnosis. Same as for genus. Redescription (UFPB.ECH.2175). Disc pentagonal (dd = 5.62 mm), covered by strongly calcified, imbricated scales, of variable size and shape (Fig. 2A, C, 3A, D). Radial shields large, approximately half length of dd, triangular, with tuberculous stereom, separated along their full length by a row of small plates that extend to arm (Fig. 2C, E, 3A, E). Interradius covered by strongly calcified imbricated scales, slightly larger than those in center of disc. Central primary plate circular, flat and bulging (Fig. 2A, C, 3A, B). Scales of variable size and shape, some strongly swollen, others flattened, are found surrounding the central primary plate (Fig. 2A, C, 3A, B). Radial primary plates oval, strongly swollen on distal half (Fig. 2A, C, 3A, B), almost forming a tubercle between each radial shield pair. Ventral interradius short, with scales similar to dorsal ones in shapes and sizes (Fig. 2D), but more flattened and less imbricated. Bursal slits short and broad (Fig. 2D, E, 3D, F), located on lateral margins of oral shields. Oral shields large and flabelliform (Fig. 2D, 3D, F), stereom weakly tuberculous, occupying most of the ventral disc. Madreporic oral shield with large pore offset near lateral edge, stereom not tuberculous (Fig. 2D, 3D, F). Adoral shields slightly smaller than oral shields, swollen with tuberculous stereom (Fig. 2D, 3D, F). Small triangular extraoral plate, present on all or only some jaws (Fig. 2D, 3D, F). Three to five lateral oral papillae (Fig. 2D, 3D, F), the distal one largest and operculous, proximalmost papillae pointed and slightly infradental, middle papillae intermediate in size, rounded. One triangular pointed apical papilla (Fig. 2D, 3D, F). Arms. Five arms, approximately 4 to 7 times disc diameter long, and thick (Fig. 2A, B). A mosaic of small plates on dorsal arm, variable in size and shape (Fig. 2A, E, 3C). Accessory dorsal arm plate swollen and rounded (Fig. 2A, C, E, 3A, C, E). The first accessory dorsal arm plate is the largest and most swollen (Fig. 2E, 3A, E). Dorsal and accessory plates with simple stereom. Lateral arm plate visible dorsally and ventrally, with tuberculous stereom (Fig. 4A, C), pairs dorsally and ventrally widely separated. Isolated plate from proximal arm about as high as long, outer surface on distal two thirds strongly tuberculous, flatter, proximal band with simple stereom. Inner side of lateral plate with vertical ridge, almost for entire plate height, slightly slanting proximalwards, with round flat "knob" on lower proximal part; a single perforation almost in center of inner surface. Arm spine articulations two parallel ridges, of equal length, separated at both ends, nerve opening perforating, muscle opening shallow depression (Fig. 4C). Ventral arm plate axe-shaped, widest distally, with slightly convex distal edge, strongly concave lateral edges, obtuse proximal angle (Fig. 2F, 3G), tuberculous stereom. Consecutive plates just touching on proximalmost arm, further out separated. One oval, operculiform tentacle scale (Fig. 2F, 3G), longer than wide. Two thick round arm spines (Fig. 2F, 3G), slightly longer than half an arm segment, ventral spine shorter than dorsal, both with a crown of thorns at tip (Fig. 4E). Arm spines visible only on ventral side, absent on first two arm segments, two arm spines from third segment. Vertebrae streptospondylous (Fig. 4F, J). Dental plate. Entire, non–perforated, with five shallow tooth sockets, three times longer than wide, widest ventrally with largest socket (Fig. 5C). Oral plate. Approximately 1.5 times as long as high (Fig. 5A, B). Abradial muscular area small (approximately 300 µm in diameter), elliptical, positioned transversally (Fig. 5B). Adradial articular area slightly comma-shaped (Fig. 5A). REDESCRIPTION OF HEMIEURYALE PUSTULATA Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 345 FIGURE 2. Morphological characters of Hemieuryale pustulata (UFPB.ECH.2175). (A) Dorsal view; (B) Ventral view; (C) Dorsal view of disc; (D) Ventral view of disc; (E) Dorsal view of arm; (F) Ventral view of arm. ADP: accessory dorsal arm plate; ADS: adoral shield; AS: arm spine; BS: bursal slit; CPP: central primary plate; EOP: extraoral plate; LAP: lateral arm plate; M: madreporite; OS: oral shield; RPP: radial primary plates; RS: radial shield; TS: tentacle scale; VAP: ventral arm plate. 346 · Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press GONDIM ET AL. FIGURE 3. SEM photographs of external morphological characters of Hemieuryale pustulata (UFPB.ECH.2175). (A) Dorsal view of disc; (B) Detail of central region of disc; (C) Dorsal view of arm; (D) Ventral view of disc; (E) Detail of the peripheral region of the disc; (F) Detail of jaws; (G) Ventral view of arm. ADP: accessory dorsal arm plate; ADS: adoral shield; AS: arm spine; AP: apical papillae; BS: bursal slit; EOP: extraoral plate; LAP: lateral arm plate; M: madreporite; OP: oral papillae; OS: oral shield; RS: radial shield; TS: tentacle scale; VAP: ventral arm plate. REDESCRIPTION OF HEMIEURYALE PUSTULATA Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 347 FIGURE 4. SEM photographs of internal skeletal characters of Hemieuryale pustulata (UFPB.ECH.2175). (A) External view of lateral arm plate; (B) Internal view of lateral arm plate; (C) Distal view of lateral arm plate, detail of spine articulation; (D) Detail of surface of arm spine articulation; (E) Arm spines; (F) Distal view of vertebrae; (G) Proximal view of vertebrae; (H) Ventral view of vertebrae; (I) Lateral view of vertebrae; (J) Dorsal view of vertebrae. MO: muscle opening; NO: nerve opening. (Photo 4B courtesy of Ben Thuy). 348 · Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press GONDIM ET AL. FIGURE 5. SEM photographs of internal skeletal characters of Hemieuryale pustulata (UFPB.ECH.2175). (A) Abradial view of oral plate; (B) Adradial view of oral plate; (C) Dental plate; (D) Genital plate in dorsal view, long groove of the articulation surface (arrow); (E) Inner view of radial shield, articulation surface of radial (arrows). AA: adradial articular area; AMA: abradial muscular area. Genital plates and radial shields. Adradial genital plate small (approximately as long as 3 arm segments) (Fig. 5D), positioned laterally from second to fourth vertebrae. Abradial genital plate may be absent or is extremely reduced and possibly similar to a disc scale that we were unable to identify. Articulation surface of adradial genital plate is a long curved distal band (Fig. 5D). Articulation surface of radial shield formed by two circular depressions, the distal one larger and deeper, and a narrow band corresponding to the band on the genital plate (Fig. 5E). Radial shield slightly comma-shaped, convex abradial edge, almost straight adradial edge, distal end twice as wide as proximal end. Variations. The observed variation with respect to general morphology was small in the studied specimens. A small extraoral triangular plate (Fig. 2F, 3D, F) is present in most specimens. However, in some specimens, this plate was found absent on one or several jaws, or was even completely absent. This variation was observed both in juvenile and adult individuals. The extraoral plates are sometimes large, corresponding to about 1/3 of the length of the oral shield. The jaw plates (oral and adoral shields) are flattened in some specimens, differing from the typical pattern for this species (swollen plates). One specimen had one of the pairs of adoral shields fused, forming a single, slightly pentagonal plate, approximately of the same size as the oral shield. The ventral arm plate is be fragmented into two in few specimens. The primary plates are sometimes flattened and well developed or not evident, in which case the center of the disc is occupied by small scales of variable size and shape. In only one individual we observed the presence of one or two swollen scales (almost circular) between the radial shields. We observed five individuals with four- and two with six-fold symmetry (Fig. 9A–H) in the 325 studied specimens. REDESCRIPTION OF HEMIEURYALE PUSTULATA Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 349 FIGURE 6. Some coloration patterns observed in specimens of Hemieuryale pustulata. (A) UFPB.ECH.2164; (B) UFPB.ECH.2170; (C) UFPB.ECH.2163; (D) UFPB.ECH.2162; (E) UFPB.ECH.2174; (F) UFPB.ECH.2172. Color. Hemieuryale pustulata has a color similar to that of its host Nicella guadalupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860), being reddish-brown (Fig. 6). The color pattern may vary from uniformly reddish-brown, reddish brown with white spots, to almost completely white with reddish-brown areas (Fig. 6A–F). This spotted pattern is extremely variable. Von Martens (1867) observed this same color pattern in the type specimens (Fig. 6C, D, E). Individuals of H. pustulata found associated with the octocoral Verrucella Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857 are reddish-brown or yellowish with white spots of variable shape and distribution (Verrill 1899b). Frequently some of the plates of the oral region are white. Description of the juveniles (up to 3 mm dd). (UFPB.ECH.2175) Disc pentagonal (Fig. 10A, C) (dd = 1.5 mm), inflated, covered with strongly calcified and juxtaposed scales (Fig. 9A, C). Radial shields large (approximately half length of dd), triangular (Fig. 10A, C), largely separated by a row of scales which extend to the arm. Primary plates well developed, central and radials circular (Fig. 10A, C). These are the largest plates found on the disc. Interradius occupied by 3 or 4 scales (Fig. 10C). Bursal slits short and broad. One triangular apical papilla on tip of jaw. Four lateral oral papillae. Oral shield fan-shaped. Adoral shield large, slightly smaller than oral shields. Extraoral plate absent. Dorsal arm plate replaced by a mosaic of small plates (Fig. 10D). Dorsal plate on distal arm small, triangular. Lateral arm plate large, and tuberculous. Ventral arm plate pentagonal, distal margin wider. One arm spine with a crown of thorns at tip. Arm spines absent on two first arms segments. One large and rectangular tentacle scale. Main differences between juveniles and adults. In general, juveniles are very similar to adults. The difference is that juvenile specimens (≤ 3 mm dd) have flattened scales on the disc and the accessory dorsal arm plate has not differentiated (Fig. 10). Usually juveniles are completely reddish-brown (as their octocoral host), the characteristic white spots observed in most adults being rare. Specimens larger than 2 mm dd already have accessory dorsal arm plates, but these are still not swollen. In these individuals only the first accessory dorsal arm plate becomes slightly hemispherical. Unfortunately, no postlarval stages were observed in this study. Differentiation of the dorsal and accessory dorsal arm plates. In the beginning the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the arm are almost completely covered by the lateral arm plate (Fig. 11A). The lateral arm plate is large (corresponding to the full length of the arm segment) and they touch each other both dorsally and ventrally. Only in the distalmost portion do the two lateral arm plates become separate, forming a triangular opening in which the dorsal arm plate is inserted, forming a small triangular plate (Fig. 11A).Subsequently the dorsal arm plate 350 · Zootaxa 3925 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press GONDIM ET AL.