CONTENTS ( INTRODUCTION 5 GRAMMAR VOCABULARY 6 SECTION 1 SITUATIONS 1 Hello and goodbye 8 2 Talking about yourself 10 3 Making conversation 12 4 Talking about language 14 5 Likes and dislikes 16 6 At a cafe or restaurant 18 7 Telephoning 20 8 Staying at a hotel 22 9 Finding your way 24 10 Reading signs and notices 26 11 What’s on TV? 28 12 Talking about people and objects 30 13 The daily routine 32 14 Telling people what to do 34 15 Using buses, trains and taxis 36 16 Planning a holiday 38 17 Inviting, accepting and refusing 40 18 Suggesting 42 19 Asking permission 43 20 Thanking and saying sorry 44 SECTION 2 VOCABULARY 21 Days, dates and times 46 22 Nationalities, countries and languages 48 23 Homes and furniture 50 24 Families 52 25 Recycling 53 26 Hobbies, sports and entertainment 54 27 The body, health and fitness 56 28 Shopping and clothes 58 29 Places and buildings 60 30 Recycling 61 31 Studying and working 62 32 Food and drink 64 33 Weather and scenery 66 34 Doctors and dentists 68 35 Recycling 69 SECTION 3 GRAMMAR 36 Nouns 70 37 Sentence forms 72 38 Be 73 39 Question forms 74 40 Recycling 76 41 Have 78 42 Do 79 43 Present simple 80 44 Present continuous 82 45 Recycling 84 46 The future 86 47 There is, There are, It is 88 48 That clauses 89 49 Modal verbs 90 50 Recycling 92 51 Adjectives (1) 94 52 Possessives 95 53 Pronouns 96 54 Past simple 98 55 Recycling 100 56 Present perfect 102 57 Prepositions 104 58 Past continuous 106 59 Articles 107 60 Recycling 108 61 Adverbs (1) 110 62 Passives 112 63 Linking words 113 64 Countables and uncountables 114 65 Recycling 116 66 Adjectives (2) 118 67 Gerund and infinitive 120 68 Adverbs (2) 122 69 Irregular verbs 123 70 Recycling 124 SECTION 4 WRITING 71 Spelling 126 72 Postcards 128 73 E-mails 130 74 Notes and messages 132 75 Letters to friends and family 134 76 Formal letters 136 77 Writing a diary 137 78 Filling in forms 138 79 Telling a story 140 80 Correcting mistakes 142 IRREGULAR VERBS 144 The Key begins on page 145 of the With Key edition. 4 INTRODUCTION Recycling Elementary English is for students at elementary level who want to learn general English. It also offers useful extra practice to those preparing for the Cambridge Key English Test (KET). It can be used to supplement any coursebook at this level, and is suitable for use in the classroom, for homework, or (in the case of the With Key edition) for self-study. The book aims to provide: • coverage of the four main areas of difficulty at this level — situations, vocabulary, grammar and writing • short, clear explanations and examples • a variety of exercise types, with illustrations to aid learning • a clear, attractive layout, so that the material is easy to use. Recycling Elementary English is divided into four distinct sections: Section 1 SITUATIONS (20 units) This section covers a wide range of situations and functions needed at elementary level, selected from the KET syllabus. It comes first in the book to show students how important it is to be able to use English in real-life contexts. Section 2 VOCABULARY (15 units) This section presents and practises vocabulary from twelve KET topics. Section 3 GRAMMAR (35 units) This is the longest section of the book, covering all the major grammatical points at KET level. Section 4 WRITING (10 units) This section offers clear guidance on a variety of different writing tasks, with study tips, help with spelling and correcting mistakes, and useful expressions to learn and practise. Recycling Units are an important element of this book. They occur in Sections 2 and 3 after every four units, to help students remember and practise new material. Previous items are also recycled, not just those from the previous group of units. How should the book be used? Each section is independent of the others and can be used at any stage. In Section 3 there is a planned progression of grammar items from Units 36 to 70, so students studying on their own should work through the units in order. Recycling units are also best used in the correct sequence - for example, Unit 25 after Units 21-24. What comes next? This book is part of a series by the same author, ranging from elementary to advanced. Recycling Intermediate English is for lower-intermediate to intermediate students, and those preparing for the Cambridge Preliminary English Test (PET). Recycling Your English is for upper-intermediate students, and those preparing for the Cambridge First Certificate examination (FCE). Recycling Advanced English is for advanced students, and those studying for the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) or the revised Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE) examinations. 5 GRAMMAR VOCABULARY A VERB is a doing word, which tells you what is happening, what happened in the past, or what will happen. It can be used in different forms, depending on the time of the action and the number of people who are doing it: •I wrote a letter. • She speaks very quietly. • People were surprised. A SENTENCE is a group of words with a working verb. Many English sentences have a subject, verb and object: • The dog ate the biscuit. The SUBJECT of a sentence usually comes before the verb: •The bus arrived a little late. • They live in Spain. The OBJECT of a sentence usually comes after the verb: • I put the cheese in the fridge. An AUXILIARY VERB helps another verb to do its work. Auxiliary verbs are be (used to make passive and continuous forms), have (used with the present perfect), and do (used to make questions and negatives): • He was born in Paris. • Have you seen her? • I don’t know the answer. A NOUN is a way of naming people, animals or things. It can be singular, plural or uncountable: • a Scottish castle • all the students • some new information SINGULAR means only one of something. If the subject is singular, the verb is also singular: • A boy was climbing the tree. PLURAL means more than one of something. If the subject is plural, the verb is also plural: The paintings were very expensive. • An ARTICLE is used before a noun: Definite article: • We enjoyed the sunshine. Indefinite article: • I saw a film last week. A PRONOUN is used instead of a noun: •She watched television. • They looked happy. An ADJECTIVE describes a noun, or is used with verbs like be or seem: • a wonderful day • She is unhappy. • He seems helpful. An ADVERB describes a verb, or an adjective, or another adverb: • He’s very intelligent. • They walked extremely fast. • She sings well. 6 Grammar vocabulary LINKING WORDS are used to join up sentences or parts of sentences: • I like chocolate, but it makes me ill. • He came in and went to bed. A PREPOSITION is a small word used before a noun or pronoun to link it to the rest of the sentence: • I went to London. • We live near the school. • The key is on the table. A POSSESSIVE is a word which shows that something belongs to somebody: • She’s the teacher whose class we’re in. REGULAR means following the rules of grammar, spelling etc. IRREGULAR means the word does not follow the rules, so you need to learn it separately. Regular verb: • ask ~ asked ~ asked Irregular verb: • write ~ wrote ~ written Regular plurals: • pen ~pens • baby ~ babies Irregular plural: • man ~ men (See the list of irregular verbs on page 144, Unit 36 for irregular plurals and Unit 71 on spelling.) A CLUE is anything which can help you to find the right answer. (Detectives use clues to catch criminals!) Example: Singular or plural verb? The books________ on the desk yesterday. Answer: were The clue is books. Because books is a plural subject, you need to use a plural verb form, like are or were, not is or was. A VOWEL is one of these letters: a e i o u A CONSONANT is any of the letters in the alphabet except the vowels. 7 UNIT 1 Hello and goodbye ("Good morning.J It's good afternoon, I think! Meeting someone you know A Hello, how are you? B Oh, not bad, and you? A Fine, thanks. B Good. How's college? A It's OK. How's work? B Fine, thanks. A Well, see you later. B Yes, see you. Bye. Meeting someone you don't know A Hello, pleased to meet you. B Pleased to meet you, too. A What's your name? B Tm Julia. What's yours? A I'm Alex. Can I get you a coffee? B Yes, please. A Complete the A Hello, John, how 1) you? conversation with words B Oh, not 2) . And you? from the study box. A OK, thanks. 3) ____work? B Fine, 4)______ How’s the family? A They’re all OK. B Well, see you 5) ______, Fred. A Yes, 6)________ you. Bye. 8 Unit 1 B Put this conversation in SpeakerA Speaker B the right order. a Oh, not bad. e Yes, see you. Bye. b Hello, how are you? f It’s fine, thanks, c Well, see you later, g Fine, thanks, and you? d It’s OK. How’s work? h Good. How’s school? C Now do the same with this conversation. a I’m Mick. Can I get you a coffee? d I’m Jane. What’s yours? b Hello, pleased to meet you. e Yes, please, c What’s your name? f Pleased to meet you, too. Ways of saying goodbye Goodbye. Bye. See you soon. See you later. See you. A Well, good luck with the exams. B Thanks. A Goodbye. A Well, have a great time at the party! B I will. A Bye! A Have a good weekend. B And you! A See you. A Have a wonderful holiday B Thanks, I will. A Bye. A Hope you enjoy yourself. B Thanks. A Bye then. D Someone is saying Have a great time at the party! goodbye to you. Choose (Thanks / Please.) the best answer from the 2 Have a good weekend. ________ (And you / You also.) brackets ( ). 3 I hope you enjoy yourself. _____ __ (I will enjoy / I will.) 4 Have a wonderful holiday. ____ (Thank you for your wishes / Thanks, I will.) 5 Good luck with the exams! (I will / Thanks.) OVER TO YOU Someone says ... What’s your reply? Hi there! How are you? Pleased to meet you. What’s your name? How’s school? How’s work? Have a good weekend! Have a wonderful holiday! 9 UNIT 2 Talking about yourself My name is Susie. I live at 82 Hinton Street. I live in Cardiff. I live in Wales. I come from Wales. I'm Welsh. I'm single. I'm engaged. I'm married. I'm divorced. I live in a flat. I live in a house. I speak English. I speak Welsh. I speak French and Arabic. I'm a student. I'm a nurse. I'm a teacher. I'm a doctor. I'm studying maths. I'm studying art. I'm studying science. I work in an office. I work on a farm. I work in a shop. I like reading. I like travelling. I like listening to music. I like playing tennis. (See Unit 43 on the present simple, and Unit 57 on prepositions.) A Complete each sentence My. Susie. with one or two words I _ from Wales, from the study box. I _ in a house. I _ English and Welsh, I _ a student. I science. At weekends I in a shop. 8 In my free time I __reading magazines. B Complete the sentences 1 I live_____________Buenos Aires. with the correct 2 We live______104 Wilbury Drive. prepositions. 3 I live_____ Norway. 4 I come_____Ireland. 5 I live_____ a flat. 6 I like listening_____music. 7 I work_____a farm. C Look at the pictures and 1 My name’s__________________. complete the sentences 2 I live at____________________ . about this man. ^ I live in___________. It’s a city in_________________. 4 I’m ________________ . 5 I live in a ________________ . 6 I speak_________________and_________________. I’m studying________________ . 8 On Saturdays I________________ . OVER TO YOU Someone says ... What’s your reply? What’s your name? __________________ Where do you live? __________________ Where do you come from? .______________ What’s your nationality? Are you a student, or do you have a job? __________________ If you have a job, where do you work? __________________ Are you single or married? __________________ What languages do you speak? __________________ What subjects are you studying? __________________ What do you like doing in your free time? __________________ 11