232 ENTOMOLOGIST’SRECORD,VOL. 118 25.ix.2006 RecordsofmountainbutterfliesinEasternTurkey,July 1997 Between 16 and 23 July 1997 I made the following records of butterflies while trekking in mountains that included the Ka^karDaglari (40° 50’ N: 41°.10’ E; Artvin Province) and others around the city of Erzurum (39° 55’ N: 41° 17’ E), Eastern Turkey (see Dubin & Lucas, 1989. Trekking in Turkey. Lonely Planet Publications. Australia). It was a wet July and, according to the entomologist I met in Turkey, a poor year for butterflies. I have identified specimens using a number of reference booksbutbasethe nomenclature Iuseinthe followinglistmainly ontheclassicwork of Hesselbarth, Oorschot & Wagener (1995. Die Tagfalter der Tilrkei. Germany). Identification has been confirmed where possible by genitalia. Taxa are listed in alphabetical order by genus. A briefdescription ofcapture locations with some other observations is given below the taxon list. I recommend Eastern Turkey forits spirit- raisingbeauty, thefriendlinessofthepeople andthediversefloraandfauna. Taxon Location (coderelatestospecimenlabeldata) Aglaisurticaeturcica(Staudinger, 1861) 2: 23a(plateQ) AgrodiaetusIdemavendi(Pfeiffer, 1938) 2: 21a(plateQ) Agrodiaetusdamonkotshubeji(Sovinsky, 1916) 2: 19b,2: 23 (plateQ) Agrodiaetushopjferi(Herrich-Schaffer, 1851) 2: 16(plateQ) Agrodiaetusturcicus(Kogak, 1977) 2: 19b Aricia ?artaxerxessheljuzhkoi(Obraztsov, 1935) 2: 18,2: 19a,2: 19b Ariciaagestis(Denis&Schiffermiiller, 1775) 2: 16 Boloriacaucasica(Lederer, 1852) 2: 19b(plateP) Brenthisdaphne(Bergstrasser, 1780) 2: 18 Brenthishecate(Denis&Schiffermiiller, 1775) 2: 18,2: 19a,2: 21b Carcharodusalceae(Esper, 1780) 2:16 CarcharoduslavatheraetauricusReverdin, 1915 2: 18,2: 19a Celastrinaargiolus(Linnaeus, 1758) 2: 18 Chazarabischoffii(Herrich-Schaffer, 1846) 2: 16(plateP) Chazarabriseismeridionalis(Staudinger, 1886) 2:21a Chazarapersephonetransiens(Zemy, 1923) 2: 21a(plateQ) Chiladestrochylus(Freyer, 1845) 2: 16 Coenonymphaleander(Esper, 1784) 2: 19b,2: 23 (plateQ) CoenonymphasymphytaLederer, 1870 2: 19b ColiasalfacariensisRibbe, 1905 2: 18,2: 20 PlateP Left-hand column (top to bottom): Parnassius mnemosyne caucasica Verity, 1911, Erebia melancholica Herrich-Schaffer, 1846,Erebiagraucasica transcaucasicaWarren, 1950, Erebia hewitsoniiLederer, 1864, Plebeiuspylaon sephirus (Frivaldszky, 1835) (underside, aberration, genitaliaprep.AWD380,seefig 1),Boloriacaucasica(Lederer, 1852). Right-handcolumn(toptobottom): ColiasthisoaMenetries, 1832,Maculineaalconmonticola (Staudinger, 1901), Hipparchiaparisatis (Kollar, 1849), Chazara bischoffii (Herrich-Schaffer, 1846),MelitaeaaureliaciscaucasicaRjabov, 1926,EuphydryasauriniabulgaricaFruhstorfer, 1917. NOTES 233 Plate P 234 ENTOMOLOGIST'SRECORD,VOL. 118 25.ix.2006 ColiasthisoaMenetries, 1832 2: 19b(plateP) ErebiaaethiopsmelusinaHerrich-Schaffer, 1847 2: 18 (plateQ) ErebiagraucasicatranscaucasicaWarren, 1950 2: 19b(plateP) ErebiahewitsoniiLederer, 1864 2: 19b(plateP) ErebiamelancholicaHerrich-Schaffer, 1846 2: 19b(plateP) Euphydryasauriniabulgarica(Fruhstorfer, 1917) 2: 19b(plateP) & Fabricianaadippe(Denis Schiffermiiller, 1775) 2: 19a Gegenesnostrodamus(Fabricius, 1793) 2: 16 Hipparchiaparisatis(Kollar, 1849) 2: 16(plateP) Hipparchiastatilinus(Hufnagel, 1766) 2: 16 Hipparchiasyriaca(Staudinger, 1871) 2: 18 Hyponephelelupinaintermedia(Staudinger, 1886) 2:21a Iphiclidespodalirius(Linnaeus, 1758) 2: 18 Lasiommatamegeratranscaspica(Staudinger, 1901) 2: 16 LeptideaIduponchelilorkovici(Pfeiffer, 1932) 2: 21a Lycaenaalciphronmelibaeus(Staudinger, 1878) 2: 16,2: 18(plateQ) Lycaenacandens(Herrich-Schaffer, 1844) 2: 21b LycaenathetisKlug, 1834 2: 23 (plateQ) Lycaenatityrus(Poda, 1761) 2: 18 Lycaenavigaureae(Linnaeus, 1758) 2: 23 Lysandrabellargus(Rottemburg, 1775) 2: 21a Maculineaalconmonticola(Staudinger, 1901) 2: 19b,2: 21b(plateP) Maniolajurtinaphormia(Fruhstorfer, 1909) 2: 17 MelanargialarissanoackiWagener, 1983 2: 21a,2: 23 Melanargiarussiae(Esper, 1783) 2: 23 Meleageriadaphnisversicolor(Heyne, 1895) 2: 17,2: 18,2: 20,2: 21a,2: 23 Melitaea ?interruptaKolenati, 1846 2: 18,2: 19b Melitaeaathalia(Rottemburg, 1775) 2: 18,2: 19a,2: 19b MelitaeaaureliaciscaucasicaRjabov, 1926 2: 23 (plateP) Melitaeacinxia(Linnaeus, 1758) 2: 19b Melitaeadidyma(Esper, 1780) 2: 18,2: 19a,2: 19b Mesoacidaliaaglaja(Linnaeus, 1758) 2: 19a Ochlodesvenatusfaunus(Turati, 1905) 2: 17 Parargeaegeriatircis(Godart, 1821) 2: 18 Parnassiusapollo(Linnaeus, 1758) 2: 19a,2: 21b ParnassiusmnemosynecaucasicaVerity, 1911 2: 19b(plateP) PierisnapipseudorapaeVerity, 1908 2: 19b Pierisrapae(Linnaeus, 1758) 2: 16,2: 18,2:21a Plebeiusanteroscrassipunctus(Christoph, 1893) 2: 17(plateQ) Plebeiusargusaegidion(Meisner, 1818) 2: 17,2: 19b,2:21b,2: 23 Plebeiuseumendon(Esper, 1780) 2: 19b Plebeiuseurypilus(Freyer, 1851) 2: 23 Plebeiusidasbaldur(Hemming, 1934) 2: 19b,2: 23 Plebeiuspylaonsephirus(Frivaldszky, 1835) 2: 19a(plateP;fig 1) Plebeiuspyrenaicus\dardanus(Freyer, 1844) 2: 19b(plateQ) Polyommatusaedonmyrrhinus(Staudinger, 1901) 2: 17,2: 18,2: 19a,2:19b,2: 23 (plateQ) Polyommatusamandus(Schneider, 1792) 2: 18,2: 19a Polyommatuscoelestinus(Eversmann, 1843) 2: 19b Polyommatuscorydoniuscaucasicus(Lederer, 1870) 2: 17,2: 18 2002IMMIGRATIONREVIEW 235 PolyommatuserosyildizaeKogak, 1977 2: 18, ?2: 21b(plateQ) Polyommatusicarus(Rottemburg, 1775) 2: 18,2: 19a,2: 19b Polyommatussemiargusbellis(Freyer, 1842) 2: 19b,2: 23 Polyommatusthersites(Cantener, 1835) 2: 21a Pontiachloridice(Htibner, 1813) 2: 16 Pontiaedusa(Fabricius, 1777) 2: 16 Pseudochazaraberoe(Herrich-Schaffer, 1844) 2: 21b, ?2: 23 (plateQ) Pseudochazaramniszechiicaucasica(Lederer, 1864) 2: 20,2: 21a(plateQ) Pyrgusserratulaemajor(Staudinger, 1878) 2: 19b Satyriummyrtalearmenum(Rebel, 1901) 2:21b SatyrusamasinusStaudinger, 1861 2: 20,2: 21a Spialiaorbifer(Htibner, 1823) 2: 16,2: 18,2: 19a,2:21b Spialiaphlomidis(Herrich-Schaffer, 1845) 2: 16 Tarucusbalkanicus(Freyer, 1844) 2: 16(plateQ) Thaleropisionia(Eversmann, 1851) 2: 16 Thymelicuslineola(Ochsenheimer, 1808) 2: 19a,2: 23 Thymelicussylvestrissyriacus(Tutt, 1905) 2: 23 Turananaendymion(Freyer, 1850) 2: 20,2: 21a Figure 1. Lateral view of genitalia (prep. AWD380) from a male Plebeius pylaon sephirus (Frivaldszky, 1835) with aberrant underside wing pattern (see Plate 1, left-hand column). Scale barrepresents 1 mm. PlateQ Left-hand column (top to bottom): Pseudochazara beroe (Herrich-Schaffer, 1844), Polyommatus aedon myrrhinus (Staudinger, 1901) (male and female), Agrodiaetus damon kotshubeji (Sovinsky, 1916) (male and female), Erebia aethiops melusina Herrich-Schaffer, 1847,Lycaenaalciphronmelibaeus(Staudinger, 1878). Centre column (top to bottom): Plebieuspyrenaicus dardanus (Freyer, 1844), Agrodiaetus hopfferi (Herrich-Schaffer, 1851), Polyommatus eros yildizae Kogak, 1977, Aglais urticae turcica(Staudinger, 1861),LycaenathetisKlug, 1834. Right-hand column (top to bottom): Pseudochazara mniszechii caucasica (Lederer, 1864), Plebeius anteros crassipunctus (Christoph, 1893), Agrodiaetus Idemavendi (Pfeiffer, 1938), Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer, 1844), Chazara persephone transiens (Zerny, 1932), Coenonymphaleander(Esper, 1784). 236 ENTOMOLOGIST'SRECORD,VOL. 118 25.ix.2006 Plate Q NOTES 237 Keytolocations 2:16. Yusufeli (40°50’N: 41°33’E): 16-17 July 1997, village at 650m above sea level north of Erzurum in the foothills of the Ka$kar Mountains (Artvin Province). Hot and humid with frequent rain showers. Just below Yusufeli the Barhal River meets the £oruh River. These are young mountain rivers, V fast flowing and in steep -shaped valleys ofred, treeless crags with nearly no soil cover. Chazara bischoffii, whose wing colours perfectly match the local rocks, were flying up and down the valley sides. There are small areas oflushcultivation attherivers’ edges growing lucerneandfruittrees. 2:18. Barhal (40°59’N: 41°25’E): 18 July 1997, village at 1250 m (also known as Altiparmak) with a mosque, a store and a few houses next to the Barhal River. Rain showers. There are alder, walnut and mulberry trees, small meadows and fertile areas in the rivervalley, which is relatively narrow with crags on either side. These are similarto those at Yusufeli, but here the crags holdconiferand some deciduous trees. In the village square sat a man with a dead brown bearthat I assumed he had shot. He was smoking with a look of totalpride and satisfaction. Laterhe skinnedthe bearwhile an Americanfilm crew recorded the scene. He appeared to be a local policeman or ranger, although he wore no uniform. The following morning he blew a whistle when he saw my insect net. He indicated that I was not allowed to collect insects here. I showed him my notebook. Then forreasons I do not know, he patted me on the shoulder in a friendly manner and indicated that I should carryon. 2:18b. Steep sub-alpine meadows among conifer trees at 1700 - 1800 m above Barhal. Weatherwindy andcloudy, withbriefperiodsofsunshine. 2:19. Yaylalar (40°52’N: 41°15’E): 19 July 1997, summer village at 1945 m (also known asHeveg), well abovethetree line. Good summerweather. Itravelled here early in the morning from Barhal in an estate car with three men and four six-foot grass scythes. The glistening blades were in the back, their handles running forward between the passengers. A sudden jolt on the uneven road could have proved fatal. The flocks of sheep and goats were going out to pasture and the sunlight wasjust beginning to catch the tops of the mountains andcreep down intothe valleys. The haymakers were heading out to the meadows. Women and girls in colourful skirts and headscarves were carrying large baskets and scythes. Ponies and mules were being ridden out to bring in huge baskets of hay. The houses of Yaylalar are badly built and serve only as summer dwellings for the people ofBarhal. The sound of the Barhal River is deafening here. Wood smoke from domestic fires was rising straightupintocold, thinair. 238 ENTOMOLOGIST'SRECORD,VOL. 118 25.ix.2006 2:19a. Meadows near Yaylalar (1900-2200 m): magnificent clear blue sky and vast slopes offlower-rich, sub-alpine pasture leading away to peaks with patches of snow. On each side of the river haymaking was underway. It is no exaggeration to say that there were thousands of butterflies. A passing Landrovercrushedmanybutterfliesthatweremud-puddlingon atrack. 2:19b. Sub-alpinepasture (2200-2900m.): manyflowers, butfewerbutterflieshere. 2:19c. High pasture and scree slopes (2900 + m.): few butterflies seen and no specimens taken. The sun set early in this valley: about 4.30 pm and it was totally dark by 8.30 pm. A group of ten colourfully dressed horsemen cantered past me and then returned later bringing a couple of bulls down from high pasture. After dark, the stars were magnificently bright in a clear sky. 2:20 Pirnakapan (39°58’N: 40°34’E): 20 - 21 July 1997, village near and town of A§kale (39°55’N: 40°40’E), Erzurum Province, 1900 m, very dry, 2:21a red, sandy, barren hills, some streams. Weather very hot and sunny. Further alongtheroadanduphill (2200m) Pseudochazaramniszechiicaucasicawere very abundant: bothmalesandfemalesindry,grassyareasbytheroadside. 2:21b. A plateau, 2350 m, near Kopdagi Gegidi, Bayburt Province (40°15’N: 40°15’E): there were a few conifers growing here, but it was mostly open with streams. Sunny weather. A few male Pseudochazara beroe flew past very close to the ground. They appeared singly and flew with determination in astraightline. 2:23. Palandoken Ski Centre in mountains near Erzurum. 2300m: flowery hay meadows with many Zygaenidae. I collect some specimens for Gerry Tremewan (Cornwall). 2500m: dry meadows and a dirt road. At 2.30 pm it began to rain heavily. A quail called: ‘whit-me-lips’ from a hay meadow. A Colias sp. was flying at 2900 m over rocky slopes, but too fast to catch for closeidentification. 2:23a. Rocky slopes at3200m: cloudy weather. Bulldozerswerebuildingski-slopes. I thank the following people for their help with this project: Susie Gibbs, Canon William and the lateLady Sarah Gibbs (England), Apo and SelinaAkingi (England), the late Anthony Bedford-Russell, Prof. Ted Benton and Vic Barnham (England), Haluk andDeniz §engeg (Istanbul), DrPaul Dolle andJeanHervillary (France), Jean and Denise Hanus (France), Jaan Luig, Tonu Keskula and Sven Salo (Estonia), Zdenek Mracek (Czech Republic). SAC Heidi Cox (Photo Section, Mount Pleasant — Airfield, Falkland Islands) photographed the specimens. Andrew Wakeham- Dawson, Mill LaineFarm, Offham, Lewes, EastSussex BN7 3QB.