The Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with Description of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua, by Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with Description of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua Author: Sydney Anderson J. Knox Jones Release Date: April 24, 2010 [EBook #32112] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARVEST MICE (REITHRODONTOMYS) *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 9, No. 19, pp. 519-529 January 14, 1960 Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with Description of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua BY SYDNEY ANDERSON AND J. KNOX JONES, JR. UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1960 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson Volume 9, No. 19, pp. 519-529 Published January 14, 1960 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED IN THE STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA, KANSAS 1960 28-1279 Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with Description of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua BY SYDNEY ANDERSON AND J. KNOX JONES, JR. Since 1952 when Hooper's review of Latin American harvest mice was published, collectors from the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas have visited several countries in Central America, and have obtained many additional specimens. Among these we find a new subspecies of Reithrodontomys fulvescens from Nicaragua, significant extensions of known geographic range for several other species, and additional information on variation in some little known kinds. Specimens in the Museum of Natural History of Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherriei, Reithrodontomys tenuirostris, and Reithrodontomys creper that are from within the geographic and altitudinal ranges listed by Hooper (1952) are not included in this report. All place names are on the map of Hispanic America published by the American Geographical Society and can be located by consulting the "Index to map of Hispanic America" (Vol. 1, Geographical names in Central America, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1943.) All measurements cited are in millimeters. Support for field work was provided by the Kansas University Endowment Association. Support for the laboratory phases of the work came in part from a grant from the National Science Foundation. Most of the specimens herein reported were collected by James W. Bee in late 1954 and early 1955, and by J. R. Alcorn and A. A. Alcorn in 1955 and 1956. A few that were collected earlier by other persons are mentioned. We are indebted to the following individuals for the loan of specimens in their care: R. G. Van Gelder, American Museum of Natural History; Philip Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural History Museum; W. H. Burt and E. T. Hooper, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan; and D. H. Johnson and C. O. Handley, Jr., U. S. National Museum. Reithrodontomys sumichrasti australis J. A. Allen.—Seven specimens from the vicinity of Volcan Irazú, Cartago, Costa Rica, are from within the geographic and altitudinal range recorded for the subspecies by Hooper (1952:82). One female, KU 26967, trapped on March 2, 1947, on the SW slope of Volcan Irazú, 8500 ft., contained five embryos that were 17 mm. in crown-rump length. Reithrodontomys sumichrasti dorsalis Merriam.—A total of 93 females are among 195 specimens from 24 localities in Guatemala that lie within the geographic and altitudinal range recorded by Hooper (1952:78) for dorsalis. Two females were pregnant; KU 71363, taken on January 28, 1956, 7 mi. E, 2 mi. S La Unión, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, contained three embryos that were 7 mm. in crown-rump length, and KU 65245, taken on December 15, 1954, 1 mi. NE Nebaj, 6000 ft., El Quiche, Guatemala, contained four embryos that were 15 mm. in crown-rump length. These two females were the only pregnant ones among 36 taken in December, 23 in January, 1 in February, 19 in March, 5 in April, and 9 in August. Reithrodontomys fulvescens chiapensis Howell.—Guatemala.—Baja Verapaz: 1/2 mi. N, 1 mi. E Salamá, 3200 ft., 1 (KU 65378—January 28, 1955); 1 mi. S Rabinal, 3450 ft., 4 (KU 65379-82—January 29, 1955); 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W [Santa Cruz] El Chol, 6000 ft., 1 (KU 65375— January 30, 1955). Guatemala: 5 mi. S Guatemala City, 4950 ft., 2 (KU 65371-72—March 13, 1955); 7 mi. S, 6 mi. E Guatemala City, 5800 ft., 1 (KU 65370—March 14, 1955). Santa Rosa: 2 mi. N, 2 mi. W Cuilapa [= Cuajiniquilapa], 2980 ft, 2 (KU 65376-77—March 5, 1955). The specimens from the departments of Guatemala and Santa Rosa are from localities that lie on the Pacific slope and are southwest of the previously known range of the species (see Hooper, 1952:93). The specimens from 1/2 mi. N and 1 mi. E Salamá and from 1 mi. S Rabinal are paler dorsally than other Guatemalan specimens available to us, including the specimen from the nearby locality, 5 mi. N and 1 mi. W El Chol. Specimens from Nicaragua that are recognizable by the E-shaped pattern of the worn occlusal surface of the third upper molars and by the S- shaped occlusal pattern of the third lower molars as of the species Reithrodontomys fulvescens, extend the known range of the species approximately 200 kilometers southeast from the vicinity of Tegucigalpa, Honduras (Hooper, 1952:93). The Nicaraguan specimens are described below as a new subspecies. Reithrodontomys fulvescens meridionalis, new subspecies Type specimen.—Skin and skull of adult male, no. 71388 Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from 9 mi. NNW Estelí, Estelí, Nicaragua; obtained by J. R. Alcorn on July 15, 1956; original number 21,464. Diagnostic characters.—A short-tailed Reithrodontomys fulvescens having a distinctly streaked or "peppered," and short pelage composed of relatively dark hairs as well as relatively brightly colored hairs on dorsum and white-tipped hairs on venter; and having shallow skull, elongate and posteriorly attenuate incisive foramina, small postpalatal foramina, broad interorbital region, and mid-dorsal depression at junction of nasal and frontal bones. Comparisons.—Each of three adults of meridionalis (trapped in February and March) can be distinguished from seven adults of the geographically adjacent R. f. chiapensis from Guatemala (trapped in late January and in March) by shorter tail, more streaked or "peppered" dorsal pelage, yellower hue of non-blackish parts of hairs on dorsum, less distinct mid-dorsal darkening, and more whitish (less buffy) venter. Four specimens of meridionalis trapped in July at the type locality, only one mile from the locality of capture of the February-taken specimens, are distinctly darker dorsally and slightly darker ventrally than the three meridionalis trapped in February and March, but resemble the latter three in shortness of tail and in having short, "peppered" dorsal pelage. We lack specimens of chiapensis in summer pelage. According to Hooper (1952:122) the summer pelages of R. f. chiapensis and R. f. helvolus are indistinguishable. Our meridionalis differ from five summer-taken specimens of helvolus in shorter, more "peppered," and distinctly darker dorsal pelage. Six skulls of meridionalis were matched with six skulls of chiapensis having approximately the same amount of wear on the teeth, and the series were compared, pair by pair, in various cranial characters. In five of the six pairs meridionalis had a less inflated braincase, and smaller postpalatal foramina, and in each of the six pairs meridionalis had a greater depression in the frontonasal region and posteriorly more acute incisive foramina. Four external measurements and nine cranial measurements were compared using the series of meridionalis, the series of chiapensis from Guatemala, and Hooper's (1952:213) measurements of seven chiapensis from central Chiapas. The lesser average and maximum total length of skull in meridionalis than in either series of chiapensis suggests that meridionalis has a smaller skull. Externally, the lesser total length of meridionalis is largely owing to its shorter tail; there is little difference in length of head and body between meridionalis and chiapensis. The longest [Pg 521] [Pg 522] [Pg 523] tail among our meridionalis is shorter than the shortest tail among the chiapensis (disregarding two Guatemalan specimens of chiapensis that probably had injured tails). The interorbital breadth of meridionalis is on the average greater and the depth of cranium is less than in chiapensis. There is some overlap in the range of each of these two cranial measurements, but in all meridionalis the interorbital breadth exceeds 42 per cent of the depth of cranium, and in all chiapensis is less than 42 per cent. The length of the incisive foramina in meridionalis, expressed as a percentage of the total length of the skull, is usually greater than in chiapensis. One of our specimens (KU 71389) contained four embryos that measured 5 mm. in crown-rump length. Measurements.—Selected measurements of the holotype, followed by the average and extreme measurements of six specimens of meridionalis (including the holotype) from the vicinity of the type locality are: total length, 154, 152.0 (148- 154); length of tail, 82, 82.0 (81-83); length of hind foot, 17, 18.0 (17-19); length of ear from notch, 13, 13.3 (12-14); total length of skull, 21.4, 21.13 (20.3-21.7); zygomatic breadth, 10.0, 10.38 (10.0-10.6); breadth of braincase, 10.1, 10.17 (9.9- 10.4); depth of skull, 8.2, 8.00 (7.8-8.3); interorbital constriction, 3.7, 3.53 (3.4-3.7); breadth of rostrum, 3.8, 3.75 (3.6- 3.9); length of rostrum, 7.4, 7.33 (7.1-7.7); length of incisive foramen, 4.6, 4.47 (4.2-4.6); length of upper molar tooth-row, 3.2, 3.32 (3.2-3.5). Corresponding measurements of a specimen from 11 mi. SE Darío are: 153, 82, 18, 13, 20.7, 10.3, 10.1, 7.8, 3.4, 3.6, 7.2, 4.3, and 3.2. Specimens examined, 8, as follows: Nicaragua.—Estelí: 9 mi. NNW Estelí, 4 (KU 71386-89—July 15, 1956); 8 mi. NNW Estelí, 3 (KU 71393-95—February 5, 1956). Matagalpa: 11 mi. SE Darío, 1 (KU 71392—March 21, 1956). Specimens of Reithrodontomys fulvescens helvolus used in comparisons: Oaxaca: 3 mi. ESE Oaxaca, 1 (KU 68891—June 24, 1955); 3 mi. W Mitla, 4 (KU 68892-95—August 5 to 9, 1955). Reithrodontomys gracilis anthonyi Goodwin.—El Salvador.—Santa Ana: 2 mi. SE San Cristóbal, 2950 ft., 2 (KU 65401-02—March 6, 1955). Guatemala.—Jutiapa: 2-1/2 mi. W, 2-1/4 mi. N San Cristóbal [El Salvador], 2900 ft., 5 (KU 65396-400—March 6, 1955). The subspecies anthonyi has been known previously by seven specimens, none of which is fully adult, judging from Hooper's (1952:134) comment that the adult pelage of anthonyi is unknown. Six of our seven specimens are clearly adults as is shown by well-worn teeth and degree of development of temporal ridges. The seventh is a young animal in process of postjuvenal molt. Individuals from our series in general resemble specimens of Reithrodontomys mexicanus orinus from the vicinity of Guatemala City but differ from the latter as follows: dorsal pelage brighter (with less suffusion of black), "peppered" in appearance, shorter and sparser; ears distinctly paler, owing both to the paler color of the skin and the paleness of the hairs inside the pinna; dark tarsal stripe not extending onto hind foot; ears and hind feet uniformly smaller; averaging smaller in cranial dimensions (but there is considerable overlap), braincase less convex dorsally. Measurements of the adult anthonyi now available show that the subspecies reaches a greater size than was apparent in the sample available to Hooper. Consequently the three largest adults would be identified as R. mexicanus according to Hooper's key (1952:31), rather than R. gracilis, and the three smallest adults could not be unequivocably identified as either one species or the other. The ranges of R. gracilis and R. mexicanus are allopatric except in southern Guatemala where the ranges overlap. However, the two species have not been taken there at the same place. In comparison with May-taken adults of R. g. harrisi from 3 mi. SW Managua, Nicaragua, the adult anthonyi average brighter (more orange) in color (but two of the anthonyi cannot be distinguished by color when placed with the harrisi), and are larger in total length, length of tail, and size of skull. One female (KU 65400) contained two embryos that measured 18 mm. in crown-rump length. Average and extreme external and cranial measurements of the six adults are: total length, 183.6 (170-198); length of tail, 106.0 (95-113); length of hind foot, 18.0 (18); length of ear from notch, 14.0 (14); total length of skull, 22.21 (21.4-22.8); zygomatic breadth, 11.20 (10.9-11.7); breadth of braincase, 10.90 (10.3-11.4); depth of skull, 8.36 (8.0-9.0); length of rostrum, 7.60 (7.3-7.8); breadth of rostrum, 4.24 (4.0-4.6); interorbital constriction, 3.78 (3.6-4.0); length of incisive foramen, 4.05 (3.8-4.3); length of upper molar tooth-row, 3.28 (3.1-3.4). Weight in grams of the adults averaged 14.3 (12- 17). Reithrodontomys gracilis gracilis Allen and Chapman.—Guatemala.—El Petén: Uaxactún, 1500 ft., 2 (KU 65384-85—April 3, 1955). These specimens are the first of the subspecies to be recorded from Guatemala. Uaxactún is near, but not within, the range of R. g. gracilis as mapped by Hooper (1952:131). The male, KU 65384, and female, KU 65385, are adults with comparatively unworn molar teeth. Respective external measurements are: total length, 178, 175; length of tail, 106, 102; length of hind foot, 18.5, 19; length of ear from notch, 14, 14. Reithrodontomys gracilis harrisi Goodwin.—Nicaragua.—Estelí: 9 mi. NNW Estelí, 1 (KU 71342—July 15, 1956). Managua: 3 mi. SW Managua, 15 (KU 71345-59—February, May, June, 1956); 4 mi. W Managua, 2 (KU 71360-61—June 26, 28, 1956). Comments on the series from 3 mi. SW Managua have appeared elsewhere (Englert, 1959:153). The specimen from 9 mi. NNW Estelí contained four embryos that measured 5 mm. in crown-rump length. Reithrodontomys gracilis pacificus Goodwin.—El Salvador.—San Salvador: 1 mi. NW San Salvador, 1 (KU 71396—July 29, 1956). In coloration (being but slightly paler), and in small size, this specimen resembles the description of R. g. pacificus given by Hooper (1952:135) and ten specimens of pacificus (nine from Guatemala and one from Chiapas) examined by us. Because of this resemblance and the marked contrast with specimens of R. g. anthonyi discussed above we assign this specimen to pacificus. In comparison with two topotypes (AMNH 79062, 79090) of R. g. anthonyi from Sacapulas, Guatemala, taken on February 9 and March 2 that are essentially the same age as KU 71396, the latter specimen is darker dorsally, the tail is darker both dorsally and ventrally, and the skull is smaller. In paleness of upper surface of hind feet, length of palate relative to length of incisive foramina, and size of bullae, KU 71396 resembles anthonyi. We interpret these resemblances to anthonyi as evidence of intergradation between pacificus and anthonyi. Felten (1958:9) referred two specimens from El Salvador (one from San Salvador and one from Amate de Campo, Departmento de La Paz) to anthonyi, without comparison with pacificus and with no mention of examination of other specimens of Reithrodontomys gracilis. When the distribution and variation of R. gracilis in this region are more adequately known these two specimens may well be reassigned to pacificus. Hooper (1952:134) observed that two specimens from Monte Cristo Mine in eastern El Salvador were the smallest and darkest of the R. g. anthonyi examined by him and approached R. g. pacificus in these particulars. Possibly these specimens from Monte Cristo Mine also should be assigned to pacificus rather than anthonyi. External measurements of KU 71396 are: total length, 167; length of tail, 99; length of hind foot, 19; length of ear from notch, 13. The specimen contained four embryos that measured 10 mm. in crown-rump length. Reithrodontomys microdon microdon Merriam.—Guatemala.—Huehuetenango: 2 mi. S San Juan Ixcoy, 9340 ft., 10 (KU 65404-13— December 24 and 25, 1954); 3-1/2 mi. SW San Juan Ixcoy, 10,120 ft., 4 (KU 65210, 65414-15, 65417—December 27 and 28, 1954). San Marcos: 3-1/4 mi. N, 3/4 mi. E San Marcos, 9500 ft, 1 (KU 65420—March 22, 1955). Totonicapán: 5 mi. ESE Totonicapán, 4 (KU 68897-900 —July 17, 1955). All the localities from which we have examined specimens fall within the geographic range of the subspecies as mapped by Hooper (1952:168). He [Pg 524] [Pg 525] [Pg 526] [Pg 527] examined six specimens of R. m. microdon and listed external and cranial measurements for only two specimens. Average and extreme external measurements of 13 adults (7 males, 6 females) from the vicinity of San Juan Ixcoy are: total length, 176.5 (168-187); length of tail, 105.8 (100-110); length of hind foot, 19.5 (19-20); length of ear from notch, 16.8 (15-18). The average weight in grams of these same specimens is 9.1 (8-11). Average and extreme cranial measurements of 12 specimens from the same series (7 males, 5 females) are: total length of skull, 22.55 (21.6-23.0); zygomatic breadth, 10.82 (10.2-11.2); breadth of braincase, 11.02 (10.6-11.4); depth of skull, 8.67 (8.4-8.9); interorbital constriction, 3.78 (3.6-3.9); breadth of rostrum, 3.86 (3.6-4.0); length of rostrum, 8.33 (8.1-8.6); length of incisive foramen, 4.27 (4.0-4.5); length of palate, 3.48 (3.2-3.8); length of upper molar tooth-row, 3.25 (3.0-3.4). Reithrodontomys mexicanus howelli Goodwin.—Guatemala.—Baja Verapaz: 5 mi. N, 1 mi. W [Santa Cruz] El Chol, 6000 ft., 3 (KU 65315, 65386-87—January 30, 1955). El Quiche: 1 mi. NE Nebaj, 6000 ft., 2 (KU 65275, 65277—December 19, 1954). Huehuetenango: 5 mi. E, 1 mi. N Huehuetenango, 7000 ft., 2 (KU 65418-19—December 22, 1954). Santa Rosa: 1 mi. WSW El Molino [= approximately 1 mi. S, 6 mi. E Cuajiniquilapa], 1 (KU 71315—August 3, 1956). The specimen from 1 mi. WSW El Molino is from within the range of the subspecies R. m. orinus as mapped by Hooper (1952:141), coming from a locality to the southeast of the two westernmost localities shown by him for orinus. This mouse is distinctly darker than any of the specimens of orinus discussed beyond, and is as dark as the darkest howelli seen by us. In addition to the specimens of howelli listed above, we have examined 12 from Prusia, Chiapas (UMMZ 88351-58, 96810-13), and three from 3 mi. NW San Cristóbal, Chiapas (KU 66680-82). R. m. howelli may occur at moderate elevations along the coast of southern Guatemala, or possibly this specimen represents a population of dark- colored mice that is isolated from similarly colored populations to the north and west. According to the field notes of Albert A. Alcorn, the collector, this specimen was taken in a "tree set." Perhaps pale-colored and dark-colored populations of R. mexicanus are sympatric but ecologically segregated in this region. Reithrodontomys mexicanus lucifrons Howell.—Nicaragua.—Jinotega: 1 mi. NW Jinotega, 1 (KU 71344—April 12, 1956); 5 mi. S, 2 mi. E Jinotega, 1 (KU 71343—April 12, 1956). Comments on these specimens have appeared earlier (Englert, 1959:153). Reithrodontomys mexicanus orinus Hooper.—Guatemala.—Guatemala: 5 mi. S Guatemala City, 4950 ft., 2 (KU 65388-89—March 11, 1955); 6 mi. S Guatemala City, 4680 ft., 3 (KU 65390-92—March 10, 1955); 7 mi. S, 6 mi. E Guatemala City, 5800 ft., 2 (KU 65393-94— March 14, 1955). Our seven specimens are from near the northwestern edge of the geographic range of orinus (where it meets that of howelli) as mapped by Hooper (1952:141). Nevertheless, they are distinctly brighter dorsally, paler ventrally, and average larger than the specimens listed in the account of R. m. howelli above. Also, they match well in size and coloration the specimens from nearby Lago de Amatitlan (USNM 275406-09) and Finca San Rafael (CNHM 41770) that were referred by Hooper to R. m. orinus. He (op. cit.:149) noted that these last-mentioned specimens were slightly darker than topotypes of orinus and differed from them in several minor cranial features, which he interpreted as evidence of intergradation with howelli. Reithrodontomys brevirostris Goodwin.—Costa Rica.—Alajuela: 5 mi. SW San Ramón, 1 (KU 71362—July 11, 1956). Nicaragua.—Carazo: 3 mi. NNW Diriamba, 2 (KU 71390-91—June 16, 21, 1956). External measurements of these three specimens are respectively: total length, 179, 167, 173; length of tail, 107, 96, 101; length of hind foot, 19, 18, 18; length of ear from notch, 15, 13, 13. The teeth show about the same moderate wear in each of the three specimens. Our brevirostris differ noticeably from specimens of Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherriei and R. m. lucifrons that we have seen in duller, darker, and less reddish color. One specimen, KU 71390, still has a patch of gray juvenal pelage on the nape; the newer pelage elsewhere is shorter and sparser than that of the other two specimens. In addition, No. 71390, a female, contained no embryos, but has two pairs of mammae, one pair pectoral and one inguinal, that are conspicuous on the dried skin; perhaps this female was lactating when captured. The mammae of KU 71362, also a non-pregnant female, are inconspicuous on the dried skin. The Nicaraguan specimens extend the known geographic range approximately 270 kilometers northwestward from near Villa Quesada, Alajuela, Costa Rica, and are the first records of the species from Nicaragua. LITERATURE CITED Englert, D. C. 1959. First records of two species of harvest mice in Nicaragua. Southwestern Nat., 4:153, October 24. Felton, H. 1958. Nagetiere (Mammalia, Rodentia) aus El Salvador, Teil 2. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 39 (1/2):1-10, 1 fig., March 31. Hooper, E. T. 1952. A systematic review of the harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomys) of Latin America. Miscl. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 77:1- 225, 9 pls., 24 figs., 12 maps, January 16. Transmitted October 1, 1959. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of Harvest Mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with Description of a New Subspecies from Nicaragua, by Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARVEST MICE (REITHRODONTOMYS) *** ***** This file should be named 32112-h.htm or 32112-h.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/1/1/32112/ Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions [Pg 528] [Pg 529] will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at https://gutenberg.org/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email