A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War General Editor: Kenneth M. Stampp Series M Selections from the Virginia Historical Society Part 2: Northern Neck of Virginia; also Maryland Associate Editor and Guide Compiled by Martin Schipper A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 i Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Records of ante-bellum southern plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War [microform] Accompanied by printed reel guides, compiled by Martin Schipper. Contents: ser. A. Selections from the South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina (2 pts.)—[etc.]—ser. L. Selections from the Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary—ser. M. Selections from the Virginia Historical Society. 1. Southern States—History—1775–1865—Sources. 2. Slave records—Southern States. 3. Plantation owners—Southern States—Archives. 4. Southern States— Genealogy. 5. Plantation life—Southern States— History—19th century—Sources. I. Stampp, Kenneth M. (Kenneth Milton) II. Boehm, Randolph. III. Schipper, Martin Paul. IV. South Caroliniana Library. V. South Carolina Historical Society. VI. Library of Congress. Manuscript Division. VII. Maryland Historical Society. [F213] 975 86-892341 ISBN 1-55655-526-1 (microfilm : ser. M, pt. 2) Compilation © 1995 by Virginia Historical Society. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-526-1. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................ v Note on Sources .................................................................................................................... vii Editorial Note.......................................................................................................................... vii Reel Index Reels 1–5 Mss1C2468a, Carter Family Papers, 1651–1861........................................................... 1 Reel 6 Mss1C2468a, Carter Family Papers, 1651–1861 cont................................................... 37 Mss1C2462a, Landon Carter Papers, 1763–1774......................................................... 39 Mss1C2465a, Robert Carter Papers, 1760–1815 .......................................................... 42 Reels 7–8 Mss1C9698a, Custis Family Papers, 1683–1858........................................................... 45 Reel 9 Mss3C9154a, William Cuninghame & Co. Papers, 1753–1863..................................... 56 Mss1F1615b, Fairfax Family Papers, 1756–1787.......................................................... 64 Mss1J4105a, Jenings Family Papers, 1737–1837......................................................... 65 Mss1L51f, Lee Family Papers, 1638–1867 .................................................................... 69 Reels 10–12 Mss1L51f, Lee Family Papers, 1638–1867 cont. ........................................................... 109 Reel 13 Mss1L51f, Lee Family Papers, 1638–1867 cont. ........................................................... 115 Mss1M3545a, Mercer Family Papers, 1656–1869......................................................... 117 Reel 14 Mss1M3545a, Mercer Family Papers, 1656–1869 cont................................................. 133 Reel 15 Mss1M3545a, Mercer Family Papers, 1656–1869 cont................................................. 134 Mss1P3374a, Peckatone Plantation Papers, 1758–1898.............................................. 135 Reel 16 Mss1P3374a, Peckatone Plantation Papers, 1758–1898 cont. ..................................... 136 iii Reel 17 Mss1P3374a, Peckatone Plantation Papers, 1758–1898 cont. ..................................... 137 Mss1P3374b, Peckatone Plantation Papers, 1713–1809.............................................. 137 Appendix: Genealogical Charts ........................................................................................... 146 iv INTRODUCTION The impact of the ante-bellum southern plantations on the lives of their black and white inhabitants, as well as on the political, economic, and cultural life of the South as a whole, is one of the most fascinating and controversial problems of present-day American historical research. Depending upon the labor of slaves who constituted the great majority of the American black population, the plantations were both homes and business enterprises for a white, southern elite. They were the largest, the most commercialized, and on the whole, the most efficient and specialized agricultural enterprises of their day, producing the bulk of the South’s staple crops of tobacco, cotton, sugar, rice, and hemp. Their proprietors were entrepreneurs who aspired to and sometimes, after a generation or two, achieved the status of a cultivated landed aristocracy. Many distinguished themselves not only in agriculture but in the professions, in the military, in govern- ment service, and in scientific and cultural endeavors. Planters ambitious to augment their wealth, together with their black slaves, were an important driving force in the economic and political development of new territories and states in the Southwest. Their commodities accounted for more than half the nation’s exports, and the plantations themselves were important markets for the products of northern industry. In short, they played a crucial role in the development of a national market economy. The plantations of the Old South, the white families who owned, operated, and lived on them, and the blacks who toiled on them as slaves for more than two centuries have been the subjects of numerous historical studies since the pioneering work of Ulrich B. Phillips in the early twentieth century. The literature, highly controversial, has focused on questions such as the evolution and nature of the planter class and its role in shaping the white South’s economy, culture, and values; the conditions experienced by American blacks in slavery; the impact of the “peculiar institution” on their personalities and the degree to which a distinct Afro-American culture developed among them; and, finally, the sources of the tension between the proslavery interests of the South and the “free labor” interests of the North that culminated in secession and civil war. Research materials are plentiful. Census returns and other government documents, newspa- pers and periodicals, travelers’ accounts, memoirs and autobiographies, and an abundance of polemical literature have much to tell historians about life on ante-bellum plantations. The autobiographies of former slaves, several twentieth-century oral history collections, and a rich record of songs and folklore are significant sources for the black experience in slavery. All the historical literature, however, from Phillips to the most recent studies, has relied heavily on the enormous collections of manuscript plantation records that survive in research libraries scattered throughout the South. These manuscripts consist of business records, account books, slave lists, overseers’ reports, diaries, private letters exchanged among family members and friends, and even an occasional letter written by a literate slave. They come mostly from the larger tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice plantations, but a significant number survive from the more modest estates and smaller slaveholdings whose economic operations tended to be less specialized. Plantation records reveal nearly every aspect of plantation life. Not only business operations and day-to-day labor routines, but family affairs, the roles of women, racial attitudes, relations between masters and slaves, social and cultural life, the values shared by members of the planter class, and the tensions and anxieties that were inseparable from a slave society are all revealed with a fullness and candor unmatched by any of the other available sources. Moreover, these records are immensely valuable for studies of black slavery. Needless to say, since they were compiled by v members of the white master class, they provide little direct evidence of the inner feelings and private lives of the slave population. But they are the best sources of information about the care and treatment of slaves, about problems in the management of slave labor, and about forms of slave resistance short of open rebellion. They also tell us much about the behavior of slaves, from which historians can at least draw inferences about the impact of slavery on the minds and personalities of its black victims. Deposited in southern state archives and in the libraries of many southern universities and historical societies, the number of available plantation records has increased significantly in recent decades. Our publication is designed to assist scholars in their use by offering for the first time an ample selection of the most important materials in a single microfilm collection. Ultimately it will cover each geographical area in which the plantation flourished, with additions of approximately four new collections annually. A special effort is being made to offer the rarer records of the smaller slaveholders and to include the equally rare records of the plantations in the last quarter of the eighteenth century; however, the documentation is most abundant for the operations of the larger plantations in the period between the War of 1812 and the Civil War, and their records will constitute the bulk of our publication. Kenneth M. Stampp Professor Emeritus University of California at Berkeley vi NOTE ON SOURCES The collections microfilmed in this edition are holdings of the Virginia Historical Society, P.O. Box 7311, Richmond, VA 23221-0311. The descriptions of the collections provided in this user guide are adapted from inventories and indexes compiled by the Virginia Historical Society. The inventories and indexes, including a subject index, appear among the introductory materials on the microfilm at the beginning of each collection. An Appendix: Genealogical Charts, compiled by the Virginia Historical Society, appears at the end of the Reel Index in the user guide. Historical maps, microfilmed among the introductory materials, are courtesy of the Map Collection of the Academic Affairs Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Maps consulted include: Thomas G. Bradford, Comprehensive Atlas, 1835. EDITORIAL NOTE The Reel Index for this edition provides the user with a précis of the collections included. Each précis gives information on family history and many business and personal activities documented in the collection. Omissions from collections are noted in the user guide and on the microfilm. Following the précis, the Reel Index itemizes each file folder and manuscript volume. The four- digit number to the left of each entry indicates the frame number at which a particular folder begins. vii REEL INDEX ,1681–1561 ,srepaP ylimaF retraC ,a8642C1ssM ainigriV ,seitnuoC dnaleromtseW dna retsacnaL Description of the Collection This collection comprises 2,556 items arranged in sections by name of individual and type of document. Biographical Note A genealogy of the Robert Carter family may be found in the Appendix. Section 1, Carter, Robert (1663–1732), Letterbook, 1723–1724 This section consists of two items, comprising a letterbook and index, 4 July 1723–11 June 1724, of Robert “King” Carter. An index prepared by the staff of the Virginia Historical Society is included. The letterbook was kept at Corotoman, Lancaster County, Virginia. The volume includes letters written to John Burridge (of emyL Regis, England, concerning tobacco), Robert Burridge (of emyL Regis, England), William Cage (concerning Edmund Jenings ), Charles Carter, Landon Carter, Robert Carter (1705– 1732), Thomas Colemore , William Dawkins (of London, England, concerning Charles Carter, Landon Carter, Robert Carter [1705–1732], and tobacco), Thomas Evans (of London, England, concerning Scottish merchants and tobacco), Benjamin Graves (concerning Scottish merchants and tobacco), Landon Jones (concerning the estate of Mary ( Landon ) Jones Swan), John King (concerning Scottish merchants and tobacco), Solomon Low (concerning Charles Carter, Landon Carter, and Robert Carter [1705– 1732]), John notrebmeP (of Bristol, England, concerning Scottish merchants and tobacco), hajaciM Perry (of London, England, concerning John Carter, Edmund Jenings , the estate of John Lloyd, the Northern Neck Proprietary of Virginia, and tobacco), John Stark (concerning tobacco), Edward Tucker (of Weymouth , England, concerning Scottish merchants and tobacco), and John Hyde and Co. of London, England. The second item is an enclosure: index (in part) of letterbook, 4 July 1723 –11 June 1724, of Robert Carter. 1 Section 2, Carter, Robert (1663–1732), Letterbook, 1727–1728 This section consists of two items, a letterbook and index, 13 May 1727–23 July 1728, of Robert “King” Carter. An index prepared by the staff of the Virginia Historical Society is included. The letterbook was kept at Corotoman, Lancaster County, and Williamsburg, Virginia. Included are letters written to James Bradley (concerning Germany and Spain), George notxarB , Josiah Burchett , John Burridge (of emyL Regis, England), Benedict Leonard Calvert (as governor of Maryland), Charles Calvert (as governor of Maryland), James Carter (of Stafford County, Virginia), John Carter (concerning George I), Robert Cary (of London, England, concerning John Carter, Thomas Evans, Nathaniel Harrison, Sir John Randolph, and tobacco), James Christian, William Dawkins (of London, England, concerning Scottish merchants Isaac Lee, Thomas Lee, and hajaciM Perry; tobacco; and the ship Carter ), George Eskridge (of Westmoreland County, Virginia, concerning the sale of slaves), John Falconer (of London, England), John Gale, Sir William Gooch , John semyrG , Nathaniel Gundry , John Holloway , Robert Jones, Thomas Lee (concerning John Savage), Peter Leheup (concerning George II and the Virginia Council), John Mercer (Duke of Newcastle, concerning Spain and British shipping), Earl of Orkney (concerning Governor Hugh Drysdale ), Mann Page (of Rosewell , Gloucester County, Virginia, concerning John Carter, John Clayton, Nathaniel Harrison, and slaves), Mrs. Sarah Parker (concerning John Parker), John notrebmeP (of Bristol, England, concerning the sale of slaves), hajaciM Perry (of London, England, concerning John Lloyd’s estate and tobacco), Sir John Randolph (concerning Richard Thacker of Maryland while in King William County, Virginia), William Robertson (concerning George I), Nicholas Smith (of King George County, Virginia, concerning John Mercer and Falmouth, Virginia), Samuel Smith (of Norfolk, Virginia), Edward Tucker (of Weymouth , England, concerning tobacco), George Turberville , the Board of Trade (concerning Edmund Jenings and Spain), churchwardens (i.e., Thomas Berry and Charles Lee) of Wicomoco parish, Northumberland County, Virginia (concerning Thomas Bailey), Hoswell & Brooks of [unidentified location], John Hyde & Co. of London, England (concerning tobacco), and John notrebmeP & Co. of Bristol, England (concerning tobacco). Also included are a letter (copy), 22 Aug[u] st 1727, Annapolis [Maryland], of Benedict Leonard Calvert (as governor of Maryland) to Robert Carter (1663–1732), and a list, 16 April 1728, of slaves belonging to the estate of John Lloyd. The second item is an enclosure: calendar (in part) of the letterbook, 1727 May 13– 1728 July 23, of Robert “King” Carter. Section 3, Carter, Robert (1663–1732), Letterbook, 1728–1730 This section consists of one item, a letterbook, 8 August 1728–15 May 1730, of Robert “King” Carter. An index prepared by the staff of the Virginia Historical Society is included. The letterbook was kept at Corotoman, Lancaster County, Virginia. 2 Included are letters written to Edward Athawes (of London, England), James Bradley (concerning copper deposits and mining), George Braxton, William Dawson (of London, England, concerning the ship Carter ), John Falconer (of London, England), John Fitzhugh (concerning the Stafford County, Virginia, militia), John Gale, Sir William Gooch (concerning Charles Carter and Robert Carter [1705–1732]), Richard Hickman (of York County, Virginia), John Holloway (concerning the Northern Neck Proprietary of Virginia), Robert Jones, Richard Kelsick, Thomas Lee (concerning the Westmoreland County, Virginia, militia), George Mason, Earl of Orkney (concerning Charles Carter, Robert Carter [1705–1732], and Charles Grymes), Mann Page (of Rosewell, Gloucester County, Virginia, concerning Charles Carter, Robert Carter [1705–1732], and Sir William Gooch), John Pemberton (of Bristol, England), Micajah Perry (of London, England, concerning the estate of John Lloyd), [John] Pratt (of London, England), Edward Randolph (of London, England), Sir John Randolph, Nicholas Smith (concerning the King George County, Virginia, militia), John Stark (concerning tobacco), John Tayloe (concerning iron and copper mining and the Richmond County, Virginia, militia), James Thomas (of Westmoreland County, Virginia), William Thornton (of King George County, Virginia), Edward Tucker (of Weymouth, England), Hoswell & Brooks of [unidentified location] (concerning tobacco), John Hyde & Co. of London, England, Richard Oswald & Co. of Glasgow, Scotland, and John Pemberton & Co. of Bristol, England. Also included is a list, undated, of papers sent to an unidentified addressee concerning the boundaries of the Northern Neck Proprietary of Virginia. Section 4, Carter, Robert (1663–1732), Letters, 1709–1717 This section consists of three items, letters, 1709–1717, written to Robert Carter of Corotoman, Lancaster County, Virginia. Correspondents include Benjamin Graves (at Hobb’s Hole, Essex County, Virginia), James Green, and Alexander Swan (concerning Elizabeth (Landon) Willis Carter and Mary (Landon) Jones Swan). Section 5, Carter, Robert (1663–1732), Account, 1727–1729 This section consists of one item, an account, 24 June 1727–2 September 1729, of Robert Carter (1663–1732) of Corotoman, Lancaster County, Virginia. The account is with Robert Carter (1705–1732) of unidentified location. Section 6, Carter, Robert (1663–1732), Land Papers, 1703–1714 This section consists of three items, land papers, 1703–1732, of Robert Carter (1663–1732) of Corotoman, Lancaster County, Virginia. Items include a survey, 1703, of land in Northumberland County, Virginia, made for Robert Carter (1663–1732) by George Cooper; a deed, 1708, of Peter Coutanceau to Robert Carter (1663–1732) for 592 acres in Northumberland County, Virginia (witnessed by Sharshall Grasty, James Risk, and Thomas Waughop and bears affidavit of Thomas Hobson); and a deed of release, 1714, of Thomas Dickenson to Robert Carter (1663–1732) for 301 acres in 3