Reconstructing Democracy and Citizenship Education This book compares the current status of democracy in selected Eastern European countries. The focus is on young people’s attitudes towards and experiences of democracy, including active political engagement. In many of these countries, democracy has been hard-won and may well need to be defended again in the future. The contributors collectively reflect on young adults exercising their civic rights and how they can influence the political system at both formal and informal levels. The chapters present different issues that arise in unique contexts but overall reflect the changing status of democracy and its effects on young people’s citizenship activity and education. The volume compares perspectives of three groups of Eastern European countries with different traditions and past histories of democracy and citizenship: Central European countries (Poland, Czech, Hungary); Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia); and post-soviet republics (Ukraine, Moldova). These countries differ in the status given to democracy, citizenship action traditions and education. At the same time, many countries have experienced recent turbulence related to democracy and different kinds of actions by young people. Comparing them leads to conclusions about omissions made in current citizenship education provision and what needs to be done for a better understanding of the needs of citizenship education in these difficult times. This volume will be of interest to students and scholars in citizenship and civic education, sociology, political science and Eastern European Studies. Beata Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz is a psychologist, Associate Professor at University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Head of Department of Clinical, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Social Science Faculty. Kerry J. Kennedy is Professor Emeritus and Advisor (Academic Development) at The Education University of Hong Kong. He is also a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Johannesburg. Asia-Europe Education Dialogue Series Editor: Kerry J. Kennedy This Routledge book series provides a forum for dialogue on key educational issues and challenges faced by Asian and European societies. Its distinctive- ness is its broad focus on Education in Asia and Europe. In essence, it will address major issues in education reform, student learning, leadership, cur- riculum, higher education, multicultural education, and other major educa- tional issues affecting Asia and Europe. Published books: Schools and Informal Learning in a Knowledge-Based World Edited by Javier Calvo de Mora and Kerry J. Kennedy Multiculturalism in Turbulent Times Edited by Christine Halse and Kerry J. Kennedy Assessment as Learning Maximising Opportunities for Student Learning and Achievement Edited by Yan Zi and Lan Yang Quality in Teacher Education and Professional Development Chinese and German Perspectives Edited by John-Chi Kin Lee and Timo Ehmke Reconstructing Democracy and Citizenship Education Lessons from Central and Eastern Europe Edited by Beata Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz and Kerry J. Kennedy Managing School Intellectual Capital for Strategic Development Lessons from Asia and Europe Edited by Eric C. K. Cheng URL: https://www.routledge.com/Asia-Europe-Education-Dialogue/book- series/AEED Reconstructing Democracy and Citizenship Education Lessons from Central and Eastern Europe Edited by Beata Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz and Kerry J. Kennedy First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Beata Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz and Kerry J. Kennedy; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Beata Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz and Kerry J. Kennedy to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz, Beata, editor. | Kennedy, Kerry J., editor. Title: Reconstructing democracy and citizenship education : lessons from Central and Eastern Europe / edited by Beata Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz and Kerry J. Kennedy. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. | Series: Asia-Europe education dialogue | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022002615 (print) | LCCN 2022002616 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367691356 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367691363 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003140528 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Democracy--Europe, Central. | Democracy--Europe, Eastern. | Citizenship--Europe, Central. | Citizenship--Europe, Eastern. | Young adults--Political activity--Europe, Central. | Young adults--Political activity--Europe, Eastern. | Democracy and education--Europe, Central. | Democracy and education--Europe, Eastern. | Europe, Central--Politics and government--1989- | Europe, Eastern--Politics and government--1989- Classification: LCC JN96.A91 R43 2022 (print) | LCC JN96.A91 (ebook) | DDC 320.947--dc23/eng/20220416 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022002615 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022002616 ISBN: 978-0-367-69135-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-69136-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-14052-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003140528 Typeset in Galliard by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) Beata would like to dedicate this book to her husband, Slawek, with thanks for constant inspiration for research on citizenship and democracy. Kerry would like to dedicate this book to his children, Simon, Emma and David who, as adults, are making their marks in a challenging world that they seek to shape not just for themselves, but for their young families to whom the future belongs. Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Contributors xiii Acknowledgements xvii Series Editor’s Note xviii 1 De-Europeanization, populism and illiberalism: Young people and democracy in Central and Eastern Europe 1 BEATA KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ AND KERRY J. KENNEDY SECTION 1 Democracy status and citizenship engagement – Research methods and results 13 2 Measuring the status of democracy and citizenship activity: Survey development and trialing 15 BEATA KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ 3 Young people’s citizenship activity and perceptions of democracy status in Central-Eastern Europe: Sample selection and data analysis 30 BEATA KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ AND KATINKA DANCS SECTION 2 Young people’s citizenship engagement in Central and Eastern Europe 53 4 Do young people still need democracy in Poland? – Revisiting the question 30 years later 55 BEATA KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ viii Contents 5 After 30 transitional years of democracy – How do young people participate in society and evaluate democracy in Hungary? 74 KATINKA DANCS AND LÁSZLÓ KINYÓ 6 Citizenship activity and democracy perception among young Czechs whose parents ‘jingled keys’ during the ‘Velvet Revolution’ 91 NIKOLA DOUBKOVÁ 7 Descriptive analysis of Estonian young adults’ evaluation of democracy and citizenship engagement 108 KRISTI KÕIV 8 Young people in Latvia – Forgotten humanism in  citizenship development 124 SANDRA RONE AND MARA VIDNERE 9 The workdays and weekends of democracy in Lithuanian young adults’ calendar 143 VAIVA ZUZEVIČIŪTĖ AND BEATA KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ 10 Citizenship activity of young Ukrainians – Democracy and human rights challenges 160 IRINA BONDAREVSKAYA, KATERYNA BONDAR AND BEATA KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ SECTION 3 Framing the future 179 11 Young people’s citizenship activity and education in the face of democracy’s retreat: What lessons have been learned from Central and Eastern Europe? 181 BEATA KRZYWOSZ-RYNKIEWICZ 12 Democracy’s future in Central and Eastern Europe – Building coalitions, enhancing agency 194 KERRY J. KENNEDY Appendix A: Survey Instruments 206 Subject Index 212 Name Index 216 Figures 3.1 Perceptions of the status of democracy in three groups of countries: Visegrad states (Former Soviet satellites – EU members), Baltic states (Former Soviet republics – EU members) and Black Sea states (Former Soviet republics – non-EU members) 38 3.2 Dimensions of citizenship activity across eight Central-Eastern European countries 41 3.3 Citizenship activity in the three groups of countries: Visegrad states (Former Soviet satellites – EU members), Baltic states (Former Soviet republics – EU members) and Black Sea states (Former Soviet republics – non-EU members) 41 3.4 Five profiles of citizenship activity identified based on the results of k-means cluster analysis 43 3.5 Size of clusters in the three group of countries: former Soviet satellites – EU members, former Soviet republics – EU members and former Soviet republics – non-EU members 45 3.6 Attitudes toward citizenship and democracy across countries 47 4.1 Dimensions of Polish young people’s citizenship engagement 64 4.2 Percentage of young Poles’ civic engagement profiles relative to the surveyed population in Central-Eastern European countries 66 4.3 Percentage distribution of gender in the civic engagement profiles of young Poles 67 5.1 The ratio of citizenship profiles in the total sample and in the Hungarian sub-sample 83 6.1 Means of perception of democracy dimensions for five citizenship activity clusters 100 7.1 Youngsters’ perceptions of changes to the status of democracy status perception across four indicators among Estonian and the surveyed population in the CEE countries 115 7.2 Young Estonians’ citizenship engagement relative to that for the CEE sample 115