Members of the Committee for Waterfront Structures At present the working committee “Waterfront Structures” has the following members: Professor Dr.-Ing. Werner Richwien, Essen, Chairman Baudirektor Dipl.-Ing. Michael Behrendt, Bonn Project Manager Ir. Jacob Gerrit de Gijt, Rotterdam Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Grabe, Hamburg Baudirektor Dr.-Ing. Michael Heibaum, Karlsruhe Professor Dr.-Ing. Stefan Heimann, Berlin Managing Director Ir. Aad van der Horst, Gouda Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Uwe Kalle, Hagen Professor Dr.-Ing. Roland Krengel, Dortmund Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Lambertz , Duisburg Dr.-Ing. Christoph Miller, Hamburg Dr.-Ing. Karl Morgen, Hamburg Managing Director Dr.-Ing. Friedrich W. Oeser, Hamburg Managing Director Dipl.-Ing. Emile Reuter, Luxemburg Managing Director Dr.-Ing. Peter Ruland, Hamburg Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Schwarz, Schrobenhausen Leitender Baudirektor Dr.-Ing. Hans Werner Vollstedt, Bremerhaven V Preface to the 8th Revised Edition This, the 8th English edition of the Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures, in the translation of the 10th German edition of the recommendations, which was published at the end of 2004. Now the full revision of the collected published recommendations which began with EAU 1996 is concluded. The concept of partial safety factors stipulated in EC 7 and DIN 1054 has been incorporated in the EAU’s methods of calculation. At the same time, the revised recommendations also take account of all the new standards and draft standards that have also been converted to the concept of partial safety factors and had been published by mid-2004. Like with EAU 1996, further details concerning the implementation of the partial safety factor concept can be found in section 0. The incorporation of the partial safety factor concept of DIN 1054 called for a fundamental reappraisal of the methods of calculation and design for sheet piling structures contained in sections 8.2 to 8.4 and the methods of calculation for sheet piles contained in section 13. Extensive comparative calculations had to be carried out to ensure that the established safety standard of the EAU was upheld when using methods of analysis according to the concept of partial safety factors. This has been achieved by adapting the partial safety factors and by specifying redistribution diagrams for active earth pressure. The use of the new analysis concept for the design of sheet piling structures therefore results in component dimensions similar to those found by designs to EAU 1990. Now that the inclusion of the European standardisation concept has been concluded, the 10th German edition of the EAU (and hence also the 8th English edition) satisfies the requirements for notification by the EU Commission. It is therefore registered with the EU Commission under Notification No. 2004/305/D. A component of the notification is the principle of “mutual recognition”, which must form the basis of contracts in which the EAU or individual provisions thereof form part of the contract. This principle is expressed as follows: “Products lawfully manufactured and/or marketed in another EC Member State or in Turkey or in an EFTA State that is a contracting party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area that do not comply with these technical specifications shall be treated as equivalent – including the examinations and supervisory measures carried out in the country of manufacture – if they permanently achieve the required level of protection regarding safety, health and fitness for use.” VII The following members of the working committee have been involved with the German edition EAU 2004 since the summer of 2000. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E. h. Victor Rizkallah, Hannover (Chairman) Dipl.-Ing. Michael Behrendt, Bonn (since 2001) Ir. Jakob Gerrit de Gijt, Rotterdam Dr.-Ing. Hans Peter Dücker, Hamburg Dr.-Ing. Michael Heibaum, Karlsruhe Dr.-Ing. Stefan Heimann, Bremen/Berlin (since 2002) Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Hering, Rostock Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Uwe Kalle, Hagen (since 2002) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Roland Krengel, Dortmund (since 2004) Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Lambertz, Duisburg (since 2002) Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h. c. mult. Boleslaw Mazurkiewicz, Gdañsk Dr.-Ing. Christoph Miller, Hamburg (since 2002) Dr.-Ing. Karl Morgen, Hamburg Dr.-Ing. Friedrich W. Oeser, Hamburg Dr.-Ing. Heiner Otten, Dortmund (until 2002) Dipl.-Ing. Martin Rahtge, Bremen (since 2004) Dipl.-Ing. Emile Reuter, Luxembourg (since 2002) Dipl.-Ing. Ulrich Reinke, Bremen (until 2002) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Richwien, Essen (Deputy Chairman) Dr.-Ing. Peter Ruland, Hamburg (since 2002) Dr.-Ing. Helmut Salzmann, Hamburg Dr.-Ing. Roger Schlim, Luxembourg (until 2002) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Schulz, Munich Dr.-Ing. Manfred Stocker, Schrobenhausen Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tzschucke, Bonn (until 2002) Ir. Aad van der Horst, Gouda Dr.-Ing. Hans-Werner Vollstedt, Bremerhaven The fundamental revisions contained in EAU 2004 also made detailed discussions with colleagues and specialists outside the committee necessary, even to the extent of setting up temporary study groups for specific topics. The committee thanks all those colleagues who in this way made significant contributions to EAU 2004. In addition, numerous contributions presented by the professional world and recommendations from other committees and international technical–scientific associations have been incorporated in these recommendations. These contributions and the results of the revision work mean that EAU 2004 now conforms with the current international standard. It provides the construction industry with an adapted, updated set of recommendations brought into line with European standards that will continue to act as a valuable aid for design, tendering, placing orders, technical processing, economic and ecological construction, quality control and settlement of contracts, and will thus enable harbour and waterway VIII construction projects to be carried out according to the state of the art and according to uniform conditions. The committee thanks all those whose contributions and suggestions have helped to bring the recommendations up to their present state, and wishes the EAU 2004 the same success as its earlier editions. Vote of thanks goes to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E. h. Victor Rizkallah, who was chairman of the committee until the end of 2004 and thus the 10th German edition of the recommendations have been prepared and published under his responsibility. In the translation works very valuable advices and help came from Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Hager, who was chairman of the committee up to the end of 1996. Finally a very special vote of thanks goes to my co-worker, Dipl.-Ing. Carsten Pohl, who assisted me in the extensive preparation of this edition and in the review of the text with great dedication and diligence. Further special thanks are owed to the publisher Ernst & Sohn for the good cooperation and the meticulous care with which all drawings, tables and equations were prepared, providing once again an excellent printing quality and layout of the 8th revised English edition of EAU 2004. Hannover, November 2005 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Richwien IX Contents Members of the Committee for Waterfront Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Preface to the 8th Revised Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII List of Recommendations in the 8th Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 Structural calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0.2 Safety concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0.3 Calculations for waterfront structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1 Subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.1 Mean characteristic soil properties (R 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2 Layout and depth of boreholes and penetrometer tests (R 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3 Preparation of subsoil investigation reports, expert opinions and foundation recommendations for waterfront structures (R 150) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.4 Determination of undrained shear strength cu in field tests (R 88) . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.5 Investigation of the degree of density of non-cohesive backfill for waterfront structures (R 71) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.6 Degree of density of hydraulically filled, non-cohesive soils (R 175) . . . . . . . 23 1.7 Degree of density of dumped, non-cohesive soils (R 178) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.8 Assessment of the subsoil for the installation of sheet piles and piles and methods of installation (R 154) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 Active and passive earth pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.0 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1 Assumed apparent cohesion (capillary cohesion) in sand (R 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.2 Assumed apparent cohesion (capillary cohesion) in sand (R 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3 Assumed angle of earth pressure and adhesion (R 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4 Determination of the active earth pressure using the CULMANN method (R 171) 32 2.5 Determination of active earth pressure in a steep, paved embankment of a partially sloping bank construction (R 198) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6 Determination of active earth pressure in saturated, non- or partially consolidated, soft cohesive soils (R 130) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.7 Effect of artesian water pressure under harbour bottom or river bed on active and passive earth pressure (R 52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 XI 2.8 Use of active earth pressure and water pressure difference, and construction advice for waterfront structures with soil replacement and fouled or disturbed dredge pit bottom (R 110) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.9 Effect of percolating groundwater on water pressure difference, active and passive earth pressures (R 114) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.10 Determining the amount of displacement required for the mobilisation of passive earth pressure in non-cohesive soils (R 174) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.11 Measures for increasing the passive earth pressure in front of waterfront structures (R 164) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.12 Passive earth pressure in front of sheet piles in soft cohesive soils, with rapid loading on the land side (R 190) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.13 Effects of earthquakes on the design and dimensioning of waterfront structures (R 124) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3 Overall stability, foundation failure and sliding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1 Relevant standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2 Safety against failure by hydraulic heave (R 115) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.3 Piping (foundation failure due to erosion) (R 116) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.4 Verification of overall stability of structures on elevated piled structures (R 170) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4 Water levels, water pressure, drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.1 Mean groundwater level (R 58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.2 Water pressure difference in the water-side direction (R 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.3 Water pressure difference on sheet piling in front of embankments below elevated decks in tidal areas (R 65) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.4 Design of filter weepholes for sheet piling structures (R 51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.5 Design of drainage systems with flap valves for waterfront structures in tidal areas (R 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.6 Relieving artesian pressure under harbour bottoms (R 53) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.7 Assessment of groundwater flow (R 113) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.8 Temporary stabilisation of waterfront structures by groundwater lowering (R 166) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.9 Flood protection walls in seaports (R 165) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5 Ship dimensions and loads on waterfront structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.1 Ship dimensions (R 39) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.2 Assumed berthing pressure of vessels at quays (R 38) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3 Berthing velocities of vessels transverse to berth (R 40) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.4 Load cases (R 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.5 Vertical live loads (R 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.6 Determining the “design wave” for maritime and port structures (R 136) . . . 121 5.7 Wave pressure on vertical waterfront structures in coastal areas (R 135) . . . . 131 XII