Reclaiming Indigenous Voice and Vision This page intentionally left blank Edited by Marie Battiste Reclaiming Indigenous Voice and Vision UBC Press • Vancouver • Toronto © UBC Press 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher, or, in Canada, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from CANCOPY (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency), 900 - 6 Adelaide Street East, Toronto, ON M5C 1H6. 09 08 07 06 05 5 4 Printed in Canada on acid-free paper <=° National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Main entry under title: Reclaiming indigenous voice and vision Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7748-0745-8 (bound); ISBN 0-7748-0746-6 (pbk) 1. Indigenous peoples. 2. Decolonization. I. Battiste, Marie, 1949- GV380.R42 2000 306'.08 C99-911286-4 Canada UBC Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support for our publishing program of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP), and of the Canada Council for the Arts, and the British Columbia Arts Council. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Set in Stone Serif by Brenda and Neil West, BN Typographies West Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens Copy editor: Dallas Harrison Indexer: Christine Jacobs UBC Press The University of British Columbia 2029 West Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 604-822-5959 / Fax: 604-822-6083 www.ubcpress.ca Contents Foreword / ix L.M. Findlay Acknowledgments / xiv Introduction: Unfolding the Lessons of Colonization / xvi Marie Battiste Prologue: The Experience of Colonization Around the World / 3 Erica-Irene Daes Western Door: Mapping Colonialism 1 The Context of the State of Nature / 11 James (Sake]) Youngblood Henderson 2 Indigenous Peoples and Postcolonial Colonialism / 39 Robert Yazzie 3 Hawaiian Statehood Revisited / 50 Poka Laenui (Hoyden F. Burgess) Northern Door: Diagnosing Colonialism 4 Postcolonial Ghost Dancing: Diagnosing European Colonialism / 57 James (Sdkej) Youngblood Henderson 5 Jagged Worldviews Colliding / 77 Leroy Little Bear vi Contents 6 Applied Postcolonial Clinical and Research Strategies / 86 Bonnie Duran and Eduardo Duran 7 Transforming the Realities of Colonialism: Voyage of Self-Discovery / 101 Ian Hingtey Eastern Door: Healing Colonized Indigenous Peoples 8 A Different Yield / 115 Linda Hogan 9 From Hand to Mouth: The Postcolonial Politics of Oral and Written Traditions / 124 /. Edward Chamberlin 10 The "Repressive Tolerance" of Cultural Peripheries / 142 Asha Varadhamjan 11 Processes of Decolonization / 150 Poka Laenui (Hayden F. Burgess) 12 Postcolonial Ledger Drawing: Legal Reform / 161 fames (Sdkej) Youngblood Henderson 13 Invoking International Law / 172 Ted Moses Southern Door: Visioning the Indigenous Renaissance 14 Indigenous Knowledge: The Pueblo Metaphor of Indigenous Education / 181 Gregory Cajete 15 Maintaining Aboriginal Identity, Language, and Culture in Modern Society / 192 Marie Battiste 16 Protecting and Respecting Indigenous Knowledge / 209 Graham Hingangaroa Smith 17 Kaupapa Maori Research / 225 Linda Tuhiwai Te Rina Smith Contents vii 18 Ayukpachi: Empowering Aboriginal Thought / 248 James (Sdkej) Youngblood Henderson Appendix 1: Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of the Heritage of Indigenous Peoples / 279 Appendix 2: Saskatoon Declaration of Indigenous Cultural Restoration and Policy Recommendations on Cultural Restoration Developed at the Saskatoon Summer Institute / 285 Contributors / 295 Index / 306 This page intentionally left blank Foreword L.M. Findlay I bring to you these Voices I will not name. Voices filled with bird calls, snorting buffalo, kicking bears, mountain goats. 1 do not recognize who speaks. Listen to the bones. - Louise Halfe, from "Listen to the Bones," in Blue Marrow But what's in it for me? The apparent crassness of this question may star- tle the reader attracted by the title of this book and moved by my epigraph from Louise Haifa's most recent book of poems. Is this not a collection of essays specifically directed beyond narrow self-interest and the human and planetary costs of its pursuit by colonial powers? This is indeed the case, but to disapprove of or argue against narrow self-interest is not, alas, to eliminate it from the considerations and practices of individuals, commu- nities, nations, and cartels. There is a need for at least a double strategy to combat such an entrenched orthodoxy, linked as it is to the fundamentals of modernity expressed in an increasingly globalizing economic and polit- ical ideology. One must vigorously protest the reduction of important and complex questions to the calculation of narrow self-interest, and the folly and dangers of such a reduction are eloquently documented in the main body of this text. But there is also a need, I think, to work within power structures that claim and compromise all of us whether we want them to or not. There is no escaping, for instance, the economic and military consequences of satellite surveillance or the appropriation of all forms of communities everywhere as markets to be penetrated or obstacles to be eliminated in one way or another. All the world's a stage - but too often and too simply a stage in the accelerating history of transnational capital- ism. And once China comes to its senses, many say, we can all play the same consuming game with equal zeal, until, on the surface of an Earth made massively unproductive in the name of productivity, we are forced literally to cannibalize each other, just as they said (and say) those early "savages" did. The task of opposing the dominant orthodoxies of modernity from a position at their ever-extending margins, or from a strategically primitivist