Recent Trends in Blockchain for Information Systems Security and Privacy Recent Trends in Blockchain for Information Systems Security and Privacy Edited by Amit Kumar Tyagi and Ajith Abraham First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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ISBN: 978- 0- 36768- 943- 8 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 0- 36768- 955- 1 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 00313- 973- 7 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003139737 Typeset in Times by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Editors xi Contributors xiii TRACK 1 Blockchain: Background and Importance 1 1 Fundamentals of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) 3 Leema Roselin G, Rajmohan R, Usharani S, Kiruba K, Manjubala P 2 Blockchain for Information Systems Applications 39 Divya Stephen, Blesmi Rose Joseph, Neeraja James, and Aswathy S.U. 3 A Dynamic Trust Model for Blockchain- Based Supply Chain Management Networks 59 Shivam Narula, Annapurna Jonnalgadda, and Aswani Kumar Cherukuri TRACK 2 Blockchain for Information Systems: New Methods for Day-to-Day Problems 75 4 Blockchain and IoT Technologies to Improve the Agricultural Food Supply Chain 77 Saranya P, Maheswari R, and Tanmay Kulkarni 5 A Novel Hybrid Chaotic Map–Based Proactive RSA Cryptosystem in Blockchain 87 S. Selvi and M. Vimala Devi 6 Institutional Technologies for Blockchain: Implications and Policies 99 Shyam Mohan J.S., S. Ramamoorthy, Narasimha Krishna Amruth Vemuganti, Vankadara Naga Venkata Kuladeep, and Raghuram Nadipalli 7 Two- Fold Security Model Using 2D- Vector Key Bunch and Privacy Preservation of the EHRs in the Distributed Network Involving Blockchain 117 Shirisha Kakarla, Geeta Kakarla, and D. Narsinga Rao v vi Contents TRACK 3 Blockchain in the Near Future: Possible Uses and Research Gaps 139 8 Analysis of Security and Privacy Aspects of Blockchain Technologies from Smart Era’ Perspective: The Challenges and a Way Forward to Future 141 Amit Kumar Tyagi 9 Applications of Blockchain Technologies in Digital Forensics and Threat Hunting 159 Shabnam Kumari, Amit Kumar Tyagi and G. Rekha 10 Healthcare Solutions for the Next Generation: A Useful Explanation from the User’s Perspective 175 Amit Kumar Tyagi, Meenu Gupta, Aswathy S.U., and Chetanya Ved 11 Blockchain- Based Medical Insurance Storage Systems 219 Ciza Thomas, Bindu V, Amrutha Ann Aby, Anjalikrishna U.R., Anu Kesari, and Dhanya Sabu 12 Hybrid Multilevel Fusion: Integrating Score and Decision Levels of Fusion for Multimodal Biometric Systems 237 Aarohi Vora, Chirag Paunwala, and Mita Paunwala 13 Blockchain: A Security Component for Data Security and Privacy—Current Trends in the Automotive Industry 247 Sruti C R, S Umamaheswari TRACK 4 Blockchain with Other Computing Environments 259 14 The Future of Edge Computing with Blockchain Technology: Possibility of Threats, Opportunities, and Challenges 261 Aswathy S. U., Amit Kumar Tyagi and Shabnam Kumari 15 CryptoCert: A Blockchain- Based Academic Credential System 293 Varun Wahi, Aswani Kumar Cherukuri, Kathiravan Srinivasan, and Annapurna Jonnalagadda 16 A Comprehensive Transformative Effect of IoT, Machine Learning, and Blockchain in Computing Technology 315 Deepshikha Agarwal, Khushboo Tripathi, and Kumar Krishen Index 343 Preface Blockchain technology as an emerging distributed, decentralized architecture and computing paradigm, which has accelerated the development/application of the cloud/fog/edge computing, artificial intelli- gence, cyberphysical systems, social networking, crowdsourcing and crowdsensing, 5G, trust manage- ment, finance, and other many useful sectors. Nowadays, blockchain technology uses are in information systems to keep information secure and private, but many threats and vulnerabilities have been faced in the past decade on blockchain, like 51% attacks, double spending attacks, etc. The popularity and rapid development of blockchain brings many technical and regulatory challenges for research and academic communities. The main goal of this book is to encourage both researchers and practitioners to share and exchange their experiences and recent studies between academia and industry. In summary, this book provides the reader with the most up- to- date knowledge of blockchain in mainstream areas of security and privacy in the decentralized domain, which is timely and essential (this is due to the fact that distributed and P2P [peer- to- peer] applications are increasing day by day, and attack- ers adopt new mechanisms to threaten the security and privacy of the users in those environments). This book provides a detailed explanation of security and privacy aspects with respect to blockchain for infor- mation systems, and we assure the reader that this book will be more helpful for students, researchers, and scientists to clear their doubts regarding blockchain uses in information systems. Also, this book will provide a complete detail from origin of blockchain to till this smart era (including security and privacy issues, where almost applications/sectors use digital devices), i.e. uses in many applications for reducing corruption and building trust in people or society (via P2P networking). Finally, researchers will be able to select their research problems (to do their research) from future research directions sections from our included section in this book. In conclusion, we want to thank our God, family members, teachers, friends, and last but not least, all our authors from the bottom of our hearts (including the publisher) for helping us complete this book before the deadline. Really, kudos to all. —Amit Kumar Tyagi, —Ajit Abraham vii Acknowledgments First of all, we would like to extend our gratitude to our family members, friends, and supervisors, who stood with us as advisors in completing this book. Also, we would like to thank our Almighty “God” who gave us the ability to complete this project. We also thank CRC Press for providing continuous support during this COVID 19 pandemic, and our colleagues at the college/university and others outside the col- lege/university who have provided their support. Also, we thank our Respected Madam Prof. G Aghila and our Respected Sir Prof. N Sreenath for giving their valuable inputs and helping us in completing this book. —Amit Kumar Tyagi —Ajith Abraham ix