Rebellion in the Borderlands : Anarchism title: and the Plan of San Diego, 1904-1923 author: Sandos, James A. publisher: University of Oklahoma Press isbn10 | asin: 0806124334 print isbn13: 9780806124339 ebook isbn13: 9780585170169 language: English Lower Rio Grande Valley (Tex.)--History, San Diego Region (Tex.)--History, Flores subject Magón, Ricardo,--1873-1922--Influence, Anarchism--Texas--History--20th century, Mexico--History--Revolution, 1910-1920. publication date: 1992 lcc: F392.R5S26 1992eb ddc: 976.4/463 Lower Rio Grande Valley (Tex.)--History, San Diego Region (Tex.)--History, Flores subject: Magón, Ricardo,--1873-1922--Influence, Anarchism--Texas--History--20th century, Mexico--History--Revolution, 1910-1920. Page iii Rebellion in the Borderlands Anarchism and the Plan of San Diego, 1904-1923 By James A. Sandos University of Oklahoma Press: Norman and London Page iv Text and jacket design by Bill Cason. Sandos, James A. Rebellion in the borderlands: anarchism and the Plan of San Diego, 19041923 / by James A. Sandos1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8061-2433-4 (alk. paper) 1. Lower Rio Grande Valley (Tex.)History. 2. San Diego Region (Tex.)History. 3. Flores Magón, Ricardo, 1873-1922Influence. 4. AnarchismTexasHistory20th century. 5. MexicoHistory Revolution, 1910-1920. I. Title. F392.R5S26 1992 976.4'463dc20 91-50870 CIP The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources, Inc. Copyright©1992 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A. First edition. Page v For Eleanor Birkland Sandos, who always encouraged my curiosity Page vii Contents Illustrations List ix Acknowledgments xi A Note on Terminology xiii Introduction xv Abbreviations 2 Chapter 1. Becoming an Anarchist 3 Chapter 2. A Political Revolution 24 Chapter 3. A Contradiction in Terms 46 Chapter 4. South Texas 63 Chapter 5. The Plan of San Diego 79 Chapter 6. Assigning Blame 101 Chapter 7. The Plan of San Diego: Followers and 125 Adherents Chapter 8. The Plan of San Diego: International 141 Connections and Confrontations Chapter 9. Repressing Dissent and the Plan of San Diego 154 Chapter 10. Conclusion 172 Notes 178 Essay on Sources 205 Bibliography 211 Index 225 Page ix Illustrations Figures 1. Poster of Anarchism 19 2. Poster of Liberation 53 3. Cartoon of U.S. relations with Mexican factions 54 4. Norias ranch house, 1915 90 5. Dead raiders at Norias, 1915 91 6. Plan of San Diego banner, 1915 93 7. Plan of San Diego handbill, 1915 95 8. Fresnos pump station, 1915 96 9. S. S. Dodds's burned Ford Roadster, 1915 97 10. Poster of Direct Action 99 11. Luis de la Rosa, 1914 102 12. Train wreck, Tandy's Station, 1915 104 13. U.S. Army troops entrenched along the Rio Grande, 105 1915-1916 14. U.S. Army troops, Rio Grande, 1915-1916 106 15. Mexicans and Americans on the Brownsville bridge, 123 November 1915. Venustiano Carranza, center left, with glasses and full beard; behind his right shoulder, General Emiliano P. Nafarrate 16. Poster of U.S. government closure of anarchist 136 newspapers, 1916 17. Ricardo and Enríque Flores Magón 139 18. Cartoon, "For the Love of Mike, Raid Us!" 158 Graph Percentage of population by origin, Lower Rio Grande 65 Valley, 1900-1920 Maps 1. Approximate location and extent of irrigated land, 67 Lower Rio Grande Valley, 1900 and 1920 2. Growth of the railroad in South Texas, 1880-1920 68 Page x Tables 1.Regeneración distribution by leading destination 59 (subscribers and papers), November 22, 1915 2. American Socialist Press subscribing to Regeneración, 60 1915, by circulation 3. Select Anarchist Press in America subscribing to 61 Regeneración, 1914-1916 4. Total population and population by county, Lower Rio 66 Grande Valley, 1900-1920 5. Increase in irrigated land, Lower Rio Grande Valley and 69 Texas, 1909-1919 6. Value of farm property, Lower Rio Grande Valley, 1900- 70 1920 7. Increase in capital invested in irrigation, Lower Rio 70 Grande Valley and Texas, 1900-1920