REAPPEARING CHARACTERS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH LITERATURE AUTHORSHIP, ORIGINALITY, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SOTIRIOS PARASCHAS PALGRAVE STUDIES IN MODERN EUROPEAN LITERATURE Palgrave Studies in Modern European Literature Series Editors Shane Weller School of European Culture and Languages University of Kent Canterbury, UK Thomas Baldwin Centre for Modern European Literature University of Kent Canterbury, UK Ben Hutchinson Centre for Modern European Literature University of Kent Canterbury, UK Linked to the Centre for Modern European Literature at the University of Kent, UK, this series offers a space for new research that challenges the limi- tations of national, linguistic and cultural borders within Europe and engages in the comparative study of literary traditions in the modern period. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14610 Sotirios Paraschas Reappearing Characters in Nineteenth-Century French Literature Authorship, Originality, and Intellectual Property Sotirios Paraschas King’s College London London, UK Palgrave Studies in Modern European Literature ISBN 978-3-319-69289-0 ISBN 978-3-319-69290-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69290-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940661 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Cover illustration: Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland A cknowledgements This book originates in a research proposal for a grant application to the Leverhulme Trust and its first form was written while I was Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at the University of Warwick. I would like to thank the Leverhulme Trust whose funding gave me the time to develop the project which led to this book and enabled me to spend several months at the BnF, without which a great part of this monograph could not have been written. I have presented early versions of most chapters at the annual conferences of the Society of Dix-Neuviémistes and the Nineteenth- Century French Studies Association, as well as in workshops and research seminars at the University of Warwick. An early form of material included in the fourth section of Chap. 2 was published in Adaptation: Studies in French and Francophone Culture, ed. Neil Archer and Andreea Weisl-Shaw (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2012); I am grateful to the editors and to Peter Lang for permission to include this material here. This book is largely about originality, collaboration, and about acknowl- edging one’s intellectual debts: I gladly acknowledge my continuing debt to those who, having supervised my work in the past, continue to discuss it with me and offer valuable advice and feedback: Professor Ann Jefferson, Dr Tim Farrant, Professor Michalis Chryssanthopoulos, and Professor Miltos Pechlivanos. In the course of the last few years, several colleagues have kindly exchanged views with me about the topics examined in this book: I owe special thanks to Andrew Watts, Fabio Camilletti, Kate Astbury, Bradley Stephens, Daniela La Penna, Alison Martin, Julia Waters, and Catherine Léglu. The summers of the period 2011–2013, during which most of the library-based research for this book was conducted, v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS would have been much less productive without the presence of friends and colleagues who also spent their summers at the BnF: special thanks are due to Dimitris Papanikolaou, Michael Harrigan, and Philippe Le Goff. Many of my friends have discussed this book with me and read drafts of chapters; I wish to thank George Kazantzidis, Kostas Peroulis, Kostas Spatharakis, Natalia Tsoumpra, Majd Khador, Kostis Karpozilos, Dimosthenis Papamarkos, and Virginie Sauzon. This book could not have been written without the support of my fam- ily. It can only be dedicated to Luis, who is always there and has witnessed its last stages first-hand. S.P., London, July 2017 c ontents 1 Introduction: ‘La littérature ruminante’ 1 Part I Originality and the Reappearance of Characters 33 2 ‘Le revenant littéraire’: Balzac and the Reappearance of Characters as a Strategy of Re-appropriation 35 3 ‘Le revenant héréditaire’: The Reappearance of Characters in Les Rougon-Macquart 79 Part II Silent Partnerships 135 4 The Poetics of Forgery in Charles Rabou’s Continuation of Balzac’s Le Député d’Arcis 141 5 ‘Tous pour un, un pour tous’: Alexandre Dumas, Auguste Maquet, and the Musketeers Trilogy 163 6 ‘Le collaborateur fantomatique’: Zola, William Busnach, and the Stage Adaptations of Les Rougon-Macquart 199 vii viii CONTENTS 7 C oncluding Reflections 237 Appendix A: List of the Stage Adaptations of Balzac’s Works during His Lifetime 247 Appendix B: List of the Changes in the Description of the Heredity of the Rougon-Macquart 251 Bibliography 257 Index 281 l A ist of bbreviAtions AB L’Année balzacienne. BC Honoré de Balzac. Correspondance. Edited by Roger Pierrot. 5 vols. Paris: Garnier, 1960–69. CH Honoré de Balzac. La Comédie humaine. Edited by Pierre- Georges Castex. 12 vols. Paris: Gallimard, 1978–81. CHH Honoré de Balzac. Œuvres complètes. Edited by Maurice Bardèche. 28 vols. Paris: Club de l’honnête homme, 1956–63. CN Les Cahiers naturalistes. CS Charles Rabou. Le Comte de Sallenauve. 5 vols. Paris: de Potter, 1854. DA Charles Rabou. Le Député d’Arcis. Paris: Librairie nouvelle, 1859. FB Charles Rabou. La Famille Beauvisage. Paris: Albert Méricant, 1900. OC Émile Zola. Œuvres complètes. Edited by Henri Mitterand. 21 vols. Paris: Nouveau monde, 2002–10. OD Honoré de Balzac. Œuvres diverses. Edited by Roland Chollet and René Guise. 2 vols. Paris: Gallimard, 1990–96. RM Émile Zola. Les Rougon-Macquart. Edited by Armand Lanoux and Henri Mitterand. 5 vols. Paris: Gallimard, 1960–67. TM Alexandre Dumas. Les Trois Mousquetaires. In Les Trois Mousquetaires. Vingt ans après. Edited by Claude Schopp. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1991. VA Alexandre Dumas. Vingt ans après. In Les Trois Mousquetaires. Vingt ans après. Edited by Claude Schopp. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1991. VB Alexandre Dumas. Le Vicomte de Bragelonne. Edited by Claude Schopp. 2 vols. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1991. ZC Émile Zola. Correspondance. Edited by B. H. Bakker. 11 vols. Paris: CNRS, 1978–2010. ix