(cid:2) Reading the Qur a¯n in Latin Christendom, 1140 1560 – .................16411$ $$FM 04-22-0914:49:55 PS PAGEi Material texts series editors roger Chartier leah Price Joseph Farrell Peter stallybrass anthony Grafton Michael F. suarez, s.J. a complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher. burman_new pp ii and iv.indd 2 4/10/09 1:32:09 PM (cid:2) Reading the Qur a¯n in Latin Christendom, 1140 1560 – Thomas E. Burman UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia .................16411$ $$FM 04-22-0914:49:56 PS PAGEiii Copyright(cid:2)2007UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsusedforpurposesofrevieworscholarlycitation, noneofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanymeanswithoutwrittenpermissionfrom thepublisher. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Firstpaperbackedition2009 Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4112 ACataloging-in-PublicationisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN978-0-8122-2062-9 .................16411$ $$FM 04-22-0914:49:56 PS PAGEiv Contents ANoteonMattersofForm vii Introduction:Qur(cid:2)a¯nTranslation,Qur(cid:2)a¯nManuscripts,and Qur(cid:2)a¯nReadinginLatinChristendom 1 1 Translation,Philology,andLatinStyle 12 2 Latin-ChristianQur(cid:2)a¯nTranslators,MuslimQur(cid:2)a¯n Exegesis 36 3 Polemic,Philology,andScholasticReadingintheEarliest ManuscriptofRobertofKetton’sLatinQur(cid:2)a¯n 60 4 NewReaders,NewFrames:TheLaterManuscriptandPrinted VersionsofRobertofKetton’sLatinQur(cid:2)a¯n 88 5 TheQur(cid:2)a¯nTranslationsofMarkofToledoandFlavius Mithridates:ManuscriptFramingandReading Approaches 122 6 TheManuscriptsofEgidiodaViterbo’sBilingualQur(cid:2)a¯n: Philology(andPolemic?)intheSixteenthCentury 149 Conclusion:JuandeSegoviaandQur(cid:2)a¯nReadinginLatin Christendom,1140–1560 178 Appendix:FourTranslationsof22:1–5 199 AbbreviationsandShortTitles 205 .................16411$ CNTS 04-22-0914:51:26 PS PAGEv vi Contents Notes 209 SelectedBibliography 289 IndexofQur’a¯nicReferences 303 IndexofManuscripts 307 IndexofPersonsandSubjects 309 Acknowledgments 315 .................16411$ CNTS 04-22-0914:51:26 PS PAGEvi A Note on Matters of Form Where I have quoted directly from medieval Latin manu- scripts—this occurs mostly in the notes—I have in general maintained whateverpunctuation,orlackofit,thosemanuscriptsoffer,andIhavefol- lowed their spelling as well. When quoting Arabic in transliteration, both inthenotesandinthetext,IhavelargelyfollowedthesystemforRoman- ization developed by the Library of Congress. Some Arabic terms and namesthatareusedwidelynowinEnglishIhavenormallyusedinthetext withoutthe fullcomplement ofdiacritical marks(hadith and Muhammad, for example, rather than h.ad¯ıth and Muh.ammad). The name of the holy bookthatisthefocusofthisstudy,however,Ihavesetout,asiscommonly done these days, in diacritical fullness: Qur(cid:2)a¯n. Because I believe it to be oneofthebettermanuscriptsofMarkofToledo’sthirteenth-centuryLatin translation of the Qur(cid:2)a¯n, I have typically quoted that translation using Turin,BibliotecaNazionaleUniversitaria,MS F.V.35,despitethefactthat itisalatefifteenth- orearlysixteenth-centurymanuscript.ThoughImake no mention of this in the notes themselves, I have generally compared its version of the passages I quote with the two earliest manuscripts and have foundthatitnearlyalwaysisinagreementwiththem. .................16411$ MATT 04-22-0914:51:32 PS PAGEvii .................16411$ MATT 04-22-0914:51:32 PS PAGEviii Introduction (cid:2) (cid:2) Qur a¯n Translation, Qur a¯n Manuscripts, (cid:2) and Qur a¯n Reading in Latin Christendom TheQur(cid:2)a¯nwasabestsellerinmedievalandearlymodernEu- rope.LiketheCommunistManifestoorDasKapital,textsthatwerereadby all sorts of non- and anti- and pro-communist inhabitants of the Western democracies during the Cold War, the Qur(cid:2)a¯n was a book that, because of thewayitinformedavast,competing,dangerous,anddeeplyattractiveciv- ilization, demanded to be read by Christian Europeans across the whole periodfromthemid-twelfthtothemid-sixteenthcentury.Itwastranslated intoLatinatleastthreetimesinthisperiod—fourtimesifwecountapar- tial version. Some forty Latin and Arabic manuscripts of the Qur(cid:2)a¯n that we know to have been read by Latin-Christian scholars have survived to thisday, aswellas onepartialandtwo completesixteenth-century printed editions,numbersthatsuggestawidereadershipindeed.1 But though Islam’s holy book found many readers in Latin Europe, Qur(cid:2)a¯nstudywasnotanidentifiablescholarlydisciplineinmedievalChris- tendom in the way that, say, biblical study was.2 Though in the thirteenth century the Dominican order clearly encouraged some of its members to study Arabic and, presumably, the Qur(cid:2)a¯n in its specialized language schools for missionaries,3 the Qur(cid:2)a¯n was not a text that anyone normally lectured on in the schools or universities. Lacking any consistent institu- tionalframeworkinwhichtoflourish,Qur(cid:2)a¯nreadinginmedievalEurope leftbehindfewtraces ofitselfinsomeways.Forexample,wehavescarcely anyinformationregardingspecificgroupsofscholarswhosharedaninter- est in Qur(cid:2)a¯n study, and little evidence that would allow us to reconstruct thechains ofscholarlyaffiliationthroughwhich theQur(cid:2)a¯ncirculatedand alongwhichideas abouthowitoughttobereadwerepassed.Thislack,of course, is not at all surprising, since Qur(cid:2)a¯n reading—even widespread .................16411$ INTR 04-22-0914:51:36 PS PAGE1