Reader’s Guide to the S S OCIAL CIENCES Volume 1 EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Professor Steve Anderman Dr Simon Lee Department of Law, University of Essex Department of Politics and Asian Studies, University of Hull Professor Daniele Archibugi Ms Aileen McColgan Italian National Research Council, Rome School of Law, Kings College, London Professor William J. Baumol Dr Sara Kathryn McDonald C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University Honorary Research Fellow, Birkbeck College, University of London Professor Terry Birtles School of Resource, Environmental and Heritage Science, Dr Ron Martin University of Canberra Department of Geography, University of Cambridge Dr Brendan Burchell Professor Stan Metcalfe Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of School of Economic Studies, University of Manchester Cambridge Professor Edgar Miller Professor Martin Cave Department of Psychology, University of Leicester Department of Economics, Brunel University Mr Seumas Milne Professor David Coates Labour Editor, The Guardian, London Department of Politics, Wake Forest University Dr Dany Nobus Professor Sandra Dawson Department of Human Sciences, Brunel University Judge Institute of Management Studies, University of Professor Peter Nolan Cambridge School of Business and Economic Studies, University of Leeds Dr Ciaran Driver Professor Vishnu Padayachee School of Management, Imperial College, London School of Development Studies, University of Natal Mr Stephen Farrall Professor Robert Pollin Department of Criminology, Keele University Department of Economics and Political Economy Research Professor Simon Folkard Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea Dr Renée Prendergast Mr Andrew Glyn Department of Economics, Queen’s University, Belfast Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford Dr Angelo Reati Professor Ilene Grabel European Commission, Brussels Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver Professor Malcolm Sawyer Professor David Guest Economics Division, Leeds University Business School, School of Management and Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck University of Leeds College, London Dr Clive Seale Ms Jane Hardy Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths College, University of Department of Economics and Decision Sciences, University of London Hertfordshire Professor Ajit Singh Dr Jane Humphries Department of Economics, University of Cambridge and Senior All Souls College, University of Oxford Fellow, Queens’ College Cambridge Ms Carolyn Jones Professor Grahame Thompson Director, Institute of Employment Rights, London Faculty of the Social Sciences, The Open University Mr William Keegan Mr Romesh Vaitilingam Economics Editor, The Observer, London Centre for Economic Policy Research, London Mr Michael Kitson Professor Gareth Williams St Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University Reader’s Guide to the S S OCIAL CIENCES Volume 1 Editor J M ONATHAN ICHIE First published in the USA and UK 2000 By FITZROY DEARBORN PUBLISHERS Published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informabusiness Copyright © 2000 by Taylor & Francis All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. British Library and Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data are available ISBN 978-1-57958-091-9 ISBN 978-1-315-06215-0 (eISBN) Typeset by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon Cover design by Hybert Design Cover image: from Sigmund Freud’s manuscript of Das Ich und das Es (1923; The Ego and the Id, 1927) CONTENTS Editor’s Note page vii Advisers and Contributors xi Alphabetical List of Entries xvii Thematic List: Entries by Category xxix Reader’s Guide to the Social Sciences, A-L 1 This page intentionally left blank ’ EDITOR S NOTE Aims, Scope, and Selection of Entries The aim of the Reader’s Guide the Social Sciences is to do exactly what its title promises — to guide the reader towards the key texts on specific topics. The individual entries present and critically review the literature on a range of topics from the social sciences. In almost all cases the references given will themselves cite a huge number of additional references, so what is provided here will serve as a useful springboard for any literature search. This is not, then, an encyclopedia. The entries do not attempt to describe and discuss the actual topics in any great depth; rather, they aim to point the reader to the publications where this is done, including in some cases to encyclopedia entries or to more substantive literature surveys on the topics. Indeed, there are many topics that one would expect to find included in an encyclopedia but on which there is not actually a distinct literature, and so these were not included in this Reader’s Guide. This is a Reader’s Guide to the literature. The term “Social Sciences” encompasses a huge range of academic disciplines and subject areas. This Reader’s Guide concentrates on economics; political economy; politics; sociology; law; management and business; psychology and organizational psychology; organizational behav- iour; human geography; international relations; and research and analysis methods in the social sciences. A few topics are included from other subject areas where these overlap with the major disciplines chosen, for example philosophy and social anthropology. The authors were asked to select the texts and devise their entries so as to be useful to students or researchers beginning a literature search, and to teachers and lecturers constructing reading lists. The volume of secondary material now available is often overwhelming, and these entries provide expert guidance to and critical analysis of selected texts, to assist in the selection of the most appropriate books for research and study. In addition to the standard length entries, we commissioned major “survey” entries on each of the subject areas that the Reader’s Guide covers, and an additional survey of the history and development of the social sciences. These surveys act as large-scale maps enabling readers to put the standard length entries into context, to understand the historical development of the discipline, and to appreciate key controversies and points of departure between different schools of thought. The literature on many of the subjects covered will overlap, for example on the European Union and on European Monetary Union. We have therefore included see also notes at the end of many of the entries, to related entries whose selected texts will also be of relevance. The relationships among the entries may also be examined in the Thematic List. Arrangement of Entries Entries appear in alphabetical order. A complete list of these can be found in the Alphabetical List of Entries (p. xvii). Where there are entries sharing the same general heading (e.g. Politics), vii viii editor’s note the order does not normally proceed alphabetically. Where there is a “General” entry in such a group, it is always placed first. In cases where these principles offer no guidance, alphabet- ical order is followed. Thus although the overall arrangement of entries is alphabetical, the Reader’s Guide contains various aides to facilitate access to its contents. These are: 1. Thematic List (p. xxix). This list should be consulted to see the full range of entries that relate to a particular subject area. The list is more detailed than simply the subject areas listed above, such as “economics”, and instead groups the entries further by theme, such as macroeconomics and labour economics. 2. Booklist Index (p. 1781 in volume 2). This lists, in alphabetical order, the authors of all books and articles discussed in the entries and can be used to locate discussions of the work of particular scholars. 3. General Index (p. 1943 in volume 2). This lists individuals, topics, and particular works mentioned in the entries. The index will be particularly useful for locating references to individuals or topics that have no entry of their own. 4. See also notes. These appear at the end of many of the entries and refer the reader to entries on related topics. Format within Entries Each entry begins with a list of the books or articles to be discussed in the essay. Complete publication details are provided, including dates of the first publication and, where appropriate, the most recent revised edition. Reprints and paperback editions are normally omitted unless the original publication is more than 50 years old. Most entries begin with a short introduc- tion that either gives an overview of the subject or discusses the issues on which scholars have focused. In the text of each essay, the first significant mention of each publication is indicated by the appearance of the author’s name in capital letters. In cases where more than one book by the same author is discussed in the same entry, dates in parentheses are used to distinguish the publications. Although the list of books in each entry proceeds in alphabetical order, the books are not normally discussed in that order in the text. It was left to the judgement of contributors to decide whether to discuss books in order of publication or, more often, according to the subject matter and emphasis of each book. Acknowledgements I am extremely grateful to a number of friends and colleagues for assisting with this project. The main thanks must go to Carol Jones. First she was an outstanding student at Cambridge University. Next she was an excellent Research Officer at the Judge Institute of Management Studies at Cambridge, working with me on the Economic and Social Research Council’s “Contracts & Competition” programme, as well as on an EU-funded series of Euroconferences. She was unflappable, even when it came to pay for the conference dinner on a boat in Rome when we discovered they did not take credit cards and I had inadvertently spent the confer- ence dinner money the previous evening. When Carol moved from Cambridge to London she resigned her Judge Institute post to work as a Commissioning Editor at Fitzroy Dearborn, from where she persuaded me to work with her on this Reader’s Guide. I doubt that there is anyone else who would have succeeded in persuading me to take it on; in the case of Carol I knew that she would do the bulk of the work and do it faultlessly. This she did, before then moving on to found and run an internet gardening business. It would be bordering on the perfunctory simply to include Carol amongst the acknowledgements, and so I would like also to dedicate the Reader’s Guide to her. This is particularly appropriate since a large number of the Advisers and authors have also enjoyed working with Carol on this as well as other projects, from my Judge Institute colleague Dr Jane Collier who recommended Carol to me for the Research Officer editor’s note ix post, to Professor Daniele Archibugi, sometime visitor at the Judge Institute and saviour regarding the unpayable bill on the boat in Rome. I was fortunate that all the Fitzroy Dearborn staff did an excellent job on the Reader’s Guide from start to finish, from Daniel Kirkpatrick through to Gillian Lindsey who took over from Carol in the final year of the project, organizing and stewarding it through to completion. I am grateful to all the Advisers for their work in suggesting topics and authors, and for step- ping in when necessary to write entries themselves. Particular thanks in this regard are due to Professor Ilene Grabel, Dr Sarah Kay McDonald and Professor Vishnu Padayachee. I am also grateful to all the authors and in particular those who stepped into the breach, either to write the entries that no one else would, or to cover for people who said they would but did not deliver. I am especially grateful to colleagues at Birkbeck College, including Professor David Guest and Dr Jenny Kidd for advice on Organizational Psychology, Elaine Macdonald for providing an entry at the same time as doing a more than full-time Research Officer’s job, lecturing, assisting with conference organizing and researching for a PhD over the weekends, Professor Ron Smith for assisting with an entry that had failed to materialize on the deadline, and Steve Warby. Particular thanks for just making Birkbeck such an efficient and enjoyable place to work are due to Sally Bland, Jenny Cook, Sally Pierson and Lee Shailer. Finally I would like as always to thank my wife Carolyn Downs and sons Alex and Duncan Michie for all their love and support. JONATHAN MICHIE September 2000