RE-READING THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF APARTMENT BLOCK DEVELOPMENT IN ISTANBUL: 1889-1922 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF THE MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ZEYNEP AKTUNA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN DESIGN IN THE DEPARTMENT OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING DECEMBER 2003 1 Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Ali Türel Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ___________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Güvenç Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Tansı (cid:1)enyapılı ____________________________ Assoc. Prof Dr. Özcan Altaban ___________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Güvenç ____________________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas ____________________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Elvan Altan Ergut ____________________________ 2 ABSTRACT RE-READING THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF APARTMENT BLOCK DEVELOPMENT IN ISTANBUL: 1889-1922 Aktuna, Zeynep M.S., Urban Design Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Güvenç December 2003, 224 pages The thesis investigates the early phases of apartment block development in Istanbul, which took place in the second half of the 19th century. Apartment block development represents a unique process in Istanbul. It not only reflects the “west-oriented” side of the Ottoman Empire but also sheds light on the transformation of urban fabric from pre-modern to modern. The emergence of apartment blocks in Istanbul, hence, does not simply imply the adoption of a “western” and “modern” life, but also reflect a spatial transformation. To clarify this unique process, the thesis studies the social and spatial aspects of apartment block development from 1889 to 1922. The study uses the Annuaire Orientals related to the years of 1889, 1893, 1896, 1910 and 1922. Through the iii use of the Annuaire data, it investigates on the ‘social profile’ of the early apartment residents and ‘spatial setting’ of apartment blocks. Doing this, the study aims to shed light on the socio-spatial differentiation behind the apartment block development. Keywords: Apartment block, housing, modernism, urban history, Ottoman Empire, Annuaire Oriental. iv ÖZ (cid:1)STANBUL’DA APARTMAN GEL(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:1)M(cid:1)N(cid:1)N SOSYAL BA(cid:3)LAMININ YEN(cid:1)DEN OKUNMASI: 1889-1922 Aktuna, Zeynep Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Tasarım Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Murat Güvenç Aralık 2003, 224 sayfa Bu çalı(cid:2)ma içerisinde (cid:3)stanbul’daki apartmanla(cid:2)ma sürecinin ilk evreleri ele alınmaktadır. (cid:3)stanbul’da 19. yüzyılın son çeyre(cid:4)inde ba(cid:2)layan apartmanla(cid:2)ma süreci özel bir süreçtir. Bu süreç, sadece Osmanlı (cid:3)mparatorlu(cid:4)unun batıya dönük yüzünü yansıtmakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda ‘modern öncesi’ kentsel mekanın ‘moderne’ dönü(cid:2)ümüne de ı(cid:2)ık tutar. Dolayısıyla, apartman geli(cid:2)imi ‘batılı’ ve ‘modern’ olanın benimsenmesinin yanı sıra önemli bir mekansal dönü(cid:2)üme de ı(cid:2)ık tutmaktadır. Çalı(cid:2)ma, bu süreci aydınlatmak amacı ile apartman geli(cid:2)iminin arkasındaki sosyal ve mekansal unsurları incelemektedir. Bu do(cid:4)rultuda, 1889, 1893, 1896, 1910 ve 1922 yıllarına ait Do(cid:4)u Yıllıkları (Annuaire Oriental) veritabanı olarak v kullanılmaktadır. Yıllıklardaki veriler sayesinde erken apartman sakinlerinin sosyal profili ve apartmanların mekansal da(cid:4)ılımları incelenmi(cid:2)tir. Çalı(cid:2)ma, apartman geli(cid:2)iminin arkasındaki sosyo-mekansal farklıla(cid:2)maya da ı(cid:2)ık tutmaya çalı(cid:2)maktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Apartman, konut, modernizm, kent tarihi, Osmanlı Devleti, Do(cid:4)u Yıllıkları. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is a long list of people who I would like to express my greatest gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Tansı (cid:1)enyapılı, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özcan Altaban and Asst. Prof. Dr. Elvan Altan Ergut for their invaluable comments and guidance. Second, I would like to thank to my colleagues Olgu Çalı(cid:2)kan, Fikret Zorlu, Tolga Levent and Deniz Altay for their great contributions to this study. Thirdly, I am very much thankful to Asst. Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas and Inst. Erhan Acar for their precious assistance. I am also very much grateful to Funda Ba(cid:2) Bütüner, Ka(cid:4)an Dora, Yi(cid:4)it Gürerk, Nazlı&Yi(cid:4)it Karaca, Özge Nazlıo(cid:4)lu, Levent Özayaz and my family for their invaluable encouragements. Last but not the least, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my advisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Güvenç who never gave up supporting me. I enjoyed working with him. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….iii ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………………..v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………vii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 2. THE EMERGENCE OF THE APARTMENT BLOCK IN THE HISTORY OF HOUSING……………………………………………………….12 2.1. The origin of multiple-household living: Insula of Ancient Rome…...…13 2.1.1. General Characteristics of Insula………..…………………….17 2.2. Multiple-story Dwelling Units in Anatolia before the Ottoman Occupation....................................................................21 2.3. Multi-storey Dwellings in Pre-Industrial Town…………………………….21 viii 2.4. The Emergence of the Modern 'House with Apartments'…………….....23 2.4.1. Parisian discourse…………………………………………..……23 2.4.2. Vienna case…………………………………………………..… .28 2.4.3. London Case…………………………………...…………………29 2.4.4. Courtyard houses of Berlin ……………………..…………..…29 2.5. Development of Mass-Housing Practice in Europe………………….…31 3. THE DIFFUSION OF THE APARTMENT BLOCK IN TURKEY……………….…33 3.1. Practice of Apartment Block Construction in Turkey……………..….…34 3.2. Transformation of Housing Stock in 19th century: Transition from Individual to Multiple-Housing Units in Istanbul……………………………….……37 3.2.1. Typical Ottoman Housing Typology………………………….…38 3.2.2. Multi-storey dwelling in Istanbul: the loosening of privacy needs: Odalar…………..…………………………………………….…..40 3.2.3. Transformation of the traditional housing stock……………....42 3.2.4. Row Houses……………………………………...……………….43 3.2.5. Harikzedegan Apartments……………………………………….46 4. THE SOCIAL AND SPATIAL SETTING OF THE APARTMENT BLOCK………..49 4.1. History of Galata and Pera……………………………………………..….49 4.1.1. A Brief History of Galata……………………………………..….50 4.1.2. Expansion over the Galata Fortifications: The development of Pera…………………………………….……......52 ix 4.2. Socio-economic, administrative and spatial dynamics of 19th century Istanbul………………………………………………..…………….55 4.2.1. Problems of the 19th century………………..…………………..56 4.2.2. Reconstruction of Urban Administration…………..…………..58 4.2.3. The Development of Building Regulations………………...…..60 4.3. Establishment of Sixth District………………………………………….…62 5. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF APARTMENT BLOCKS: 1889-1922……………….64 5.1. Evolution of Apartment Residents in Istanbul: 1889-1922.....................70 5.1.1. Changes in the Employment Statuses of Apartment Residents: 1889-1922......................................................70 5.1.2. Ethnic Profile of Apartment Residents: 1889-1922.................75 5.1.3. Professional Profile of Apartment Residents: 1889 to 1922…………………………………………..……80 5.2. Spatial Setting of Apartment Blocks in Istanbul: 1889-1922..................82 5.2.1. Spreading of Apartment Blocks in Istanbul: 1889-1922..........82 5.2.1.1. Development Around the Tower of Galata...............85 5.2.1.2. Apartment Block Development Along the Grand Rue de Pera………………………….….….87 5.2.1.3. Development on the Northern Section of the GRP……………………………………………………….90 x