© 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 ABHANDLUNGEN FÜR DIE KUNDE DES MORGENLANDES Im Auftrag der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft herausgegeben von Florian C. Reiter Band 115 Board of Advisers: Christian Bauer (Berlin) Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst (Berlin) Lutz Edzard (Erlangen/Oslo) Jürgen Hanneder (Marburg) Herrmann Jungraithmayr (Marburg) Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz (Bern) Jens Peter Laut (Göttingen) Joachim Friedrich Quack (Heidelberg) Florian C. Reiter (Berlin) Michael Streck (Leipzig) 2018 . Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 Re-engaging Comparative Semitic and Arabic Studies Edited by Daniel Birnstiel and Na‘ama Pat-El 2018 . Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft 2018 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed in Germany ISSN 0567-4980 ISBN 978-3-447-11118-8 e-ISBN 978-3-447-19823-3 © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 Contents Editors’ preface ........................................................................................ VII Ahmad Al-Jallad What is Ancient North Arabian? ................................................................ 1 Daniel Birnstiel Neither Clear Nor Clarifying – Yet Clearly Arabic .................................... 45 Lutz Edzard The Marked Nominative in Arabic, Semitic, and Afroasiatic .................... 105 Phillip W. Stokes The Plural Demonstratives and Relatives Based on *ʾVl in Arabic and the Origin of Dialectal illī .......................................................................... 127 Janet C.E. Watson and Abdullah Musallam al-Mahri A Stratal OT Account of Word Stress in the Mehri of Bit Thuwar ............. 151 © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 Preface Already about fifty years ago, the late Edward Ullendorff lamented the fact that the interests of people working in the field of Semitic languages have often become diverted from comparative and historical linguistics to other spheres of interest. He noted that “Arabists with a concern for other Semitic languages gave way to islamisants who were bound to step outside the area of Semitics and seek contacts with other Islamic languages, such as Persian or Turkish, which had very disparate linguistic affiliations.”1 Even as Arabic linguistics, especially the growing interest in Arabic dia- lectology and internal subgrouping, grew to become a field in its own right, Arabists by and large avoided engaging with Semitic philology and linguistics. A sub-field that was once at the core of Semitic studies, with scholars such as Theodor Nöldeke, Carl Brockelmann, Edward Ullendorff, Joshua Blau and many others, veered away from engaging with the non-contemporary languag- es of the region, potentially loosing linguistic and cultural context. This has resulted in a situation, in which Semitic languages are studied in many academic institutions almost exclusively within the framework of indi- vidual fields, for example Arabic in institutions for Arabic and Islamic studies, Hebrew and Aramaic in divinity schools and institutes for Jewish studies, or Syriac and Ethiopic in departments studying Eastern Christianity. Even in cas- es, where several Semitic languages are studied in near vicinity to each other due to the co-existence of respective infrastructures, cross-departmental coop- eration of a linguistic nature is rare. At the same time, institutes dedicated to comparative Semitic philology have become increasingly rare, and as a result fewer scholars are trained in the discipline. Recognizing the importance and need of rooting philological research on Arabic Islamic texts within a solid linguistic framework, the organizers of the congress “Horizons of Islamic Theology” which took place in September 1 – 5, 2014, at the Institute for the Study of Islamic Culture and Religion at the Goethe-University in Frankfurt, wished to take a stand against this trend and included a section on Comparative Semitic and Arabic Studies. This section consisted of three panels, “Arabic in Context”, “Arabic and Semitic: How Ar- chaic Is the fuṣḥā?” and “New Insights in Arabic Syntax”. 1 Ullendorff, Edward. “Comparative Semitics”. In Linguistics in South West Asia and North Africa. (Current trends in linguistics 6). Edited by Thomas A. Sebeok. The Hague: Mouton, 1970, 263. © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 VIII Preface This section attempted to highlight the benefits of a linguistic and compar- ative engagement of Arabic with other regional languages and societies for an improved understanding of Early Islam and its literary heritage. The articles collected in this volume largely emerged from the papers pre- sented at these three panels. They are ordered alphabetically and cover an area reaching from general and comparative Afro-Asiatic linguists to South Ara- bian phonology to diachronic and synchronic Arabic linguistics. Despite the diversity of their topics, the contributions all illuminate various ways in which a re-engagement with comparative Semitic and Arabic linguistics can benefit research on Arabic Islamic texts. Ahmad Al-Jallad explores what linguistic features are diagnostic of An- cient North-Arabian. He discusses previous definitions of Arabic and the clas- sification of languages commonly bundled as Ancient North-Arabian with re- gard to shared isoglosses. Al-Jallad contextualizes the various dialects both in relation to Arabic and to West Semitic and offers a novel understanding of Ancient Arabia and its linguistic borders. Daniel Birnstiel investigates the meaning of the Qur’anic term mubīn and additional related terms from a synchronic perspective. He shows how these terms have often been misinterpreted both by Muslim exegetes and modern scholars and suggests several emendations to the text of the Qur’an. Evidence from other Semitic languages assists in entangling this issue. The contribution by Lutz Edzard discusses various functions of the Ara- bic accusative from a comparative Semitic and Afro-Asiatic perspective. He demonstrates that many of the cases attested in Arabic grammar can be much better understood and made sense of when regarded as cases of a marked nom- inative within the larger Afro-Asiatic and Semitic framework. Phillip Stokes traces the history of the common Arabic dialectal relative marker illī and its variants. After rejecting previous explanations connecting illī and variants to the Classical Arabic relative allāðī on linguistic grounds, he adduces evidence suggesting a derivation from the definite article *al followed by a plural demonstrative *ʾulay. In the process, Stokes reconstructs the de- monstrative in Arabic and contextualizes it within Semitic. Janet Watson and Abdullah al-Mahri take a close look at word stress in Mehri from the perspective of Stratal Optimality Theory. They show how the complexity of the rules determining Mehri word stress may convincingly be analyzed as the combination of lexical stress and the interaction of constraints functioning at different levels. Our thanks are due to the organizers of the congress “Horizons of Islamic Theology” and the Institute for the Study of Islamic Culture and Religion, especially Ömer Özsoy and Udo Simon, to Lutz Edzard, to the editor-in-chief © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233 Preface IX of Harrassowitz Verlag, Barbara Krauß , and to the editor of the series Abhand- lungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Florian C. Reiter, who made the publication of this volume possible. Finally, the editors wish to thank all the young dragons in their life, real and imaginary. ’ Frankfurt and Austin, October 2018 Daniel Birnstiel and Na ama Pat-El © 2018, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 9783447111188 — ISBN E-Book: 9783447198233