Vol.15/ No.58/ Apr. 2018 Received 2016/10/25 Accepted 2017/07/25 Persian translation of this paper entitled: نیوزق دابآ تداعس غاب یناوخزاب رگید یخیرات دانسا اب قابطنا و یزاریش گیب یدبع راعشا ساسا رب is also published in this issue of journal. Re-Commentary of Sa’adat Abad Garden of Qazvin A Comparative analysis of Abdi Beig Shirazi’s poems and historical documents Samaneh Yarahmadi* Mojtaba Ansari** Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad*** Abstract Sa’adat Abad Garden of Qazvin was built during the kingdom of Shah Tahmasb Safavid while transfering the capital to Qazvin. According to the available documentations, the reason for this transfer in 1554 A.D. (962 A.H.) was the hazard of Ottoman and Russian regimes for Tabriz. At the order of Shah Tahmasb Safavid, gardens and necessary settlements, court spaces and other buildings were made. He encouraged some of the country’s squirearchy and close relatives to build gardens alongside state-owned gardens. Around the Sa’adat Abad garden, there were about twenty three gardens. Shah Tahmasb asked a poet named Khaje Zein al-Abedin Ali Navidi, known as Abdi Beig Shirazi, born 1515 A.D. (921 A.H.) in Tabriz (d. 1580 A.D.-988 A.H. in Ardebil), who was present at the Royal Court, to verse descriptions of Qazvin gardens. Abdi Beig’s Penta “Janat Aden (Gardens of Heaven)” including five Masnavis “Rowdah-al-Sefat (garden of qualities)”, “Dohat-al-Azhar (Tree of blooms)”, “Jinnat-al-Asmar (Heaven of fruits)”, “Zinat-al-Owragh (Ornament of leaves)” and “Sahyfeh-al-Ekhlas (Book of devotion)”, was the result of such effort, which contains valuable information about the generalities and details of this garden and its mansions. Abdi Beig’s poems are one of the most important documents about this garden, and it is clear from its description that Sa’adat Abad Garden wasa unique garden in that period. Among the most important spaces and features described in these poems it can be pointed to the street, gate, Arshikhaneh, Shervani’s house, porches, plane tree platform, pool house, garden geometry, and various types of trees and plants. The information available and the spaces mentioned in these poems are more than what is left today, and based on this information, one can get an overview of the general map of the garden and its spatial characteristics. The purpose of this study is to the design of this imperial garden complex based on the poems of Abdi Beig Shirazi and to compare it with other texts and historical documents. The method used in this research is a historical- interpretative. The results are deducted by analyzing existing texts, images and maps. method that will result in goals after induction and analyzing the texts, existing images and maps. The general structures of the garden and its main elements including Aliqapu gate, Arshikhaneh (Chehelsotun), Shervani’s House, Royal court (Shah’s loggia) are among the most important elements analyzed in this study. This historical source, in addition to clarifying the various objective aspects of architecture, landscape and gardening, can reveal the subjective-semantic aspects and the principles of aesthetics of that time. This paper finallyattempts to draw overall structure of the garden as a map and sketch sto form the basis for further studies and future development plans. Keywords Sa’adat Abad Garden of Qazvin, Persian Garden, Safavid Garden, Janat Aden poems, Abdi Beig Shirazi. *. Ph.D. Candidate of Architecture. Tarbiat Modares University. [email protected] **. Ph.D. of Architecture. Associate Professor. Tarbiat Modares University. Corresponding Author. [email protected] ***. Ph.D. of Architecture. Associate Professor. Tarbiat Modares University. [email protected] Ph.D. of Architecture. Associate Professor. Tarbiat Modares University .......................................2..7........................................ The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 Introduction of fruits). In Zinat-al-Owragh (Ornament of leaves), King Tahmasb transferred the capital from Tabriz the Qazvin was described and compared with other to Qazvin in 1554 A.D. to keep the Capital away cities, autumn and Plane Tree Patform, and most of from the Ottomans’ attacks and threatens of enemies the wall paintings are rhymed in Sahyfeh- al-Ekhalas because Qazvin had a strategic situation. (Golriz, (Book of devotion). 1958), (Varjavand, 1999), (Ishraqi, 2011) When he The identification of this garden complex is decided to transfer the capital in 1544 A.D. (951 necessary due to the natural and cultural values in A.H.) ordered to construct a grand royal garden it, which include the thinking, art and experimental named Sa’adat Abad full of various trees and flowers., knowledge of the ancients from the surrounding Also his relatives and Safavid dignitaries built many environment. The Iranian garden as a transcendental palaces in this garden.,. Such construction resulted example from Iran’s landscape is the image of the in development and expansion of the city around city beliefs of Iranian-Islamic human inside of history, historical core and Grand Mosque. which, despite the adversities, is still considered In the middle of the century, when Abdi Beig Shirazi as a successful style. Garden has received a wide gained a reputation and possessed more than fifteen attention in Iranian culture and civilization since valuable works, Shah Tahmasb ordered him to work ancient times and has been one of the fundamental on the description of the garden of Sa’adat Abad and concepts of the social, cultural and natural issues of its palaces. Abdi Beig in Rowdah-al-Sefat (Garden this land and also is present in various forms in the of Qualities), described the garden of Sa’adat Abad, literature, architecture and urbanization of Iranians. and the mansions such as the Arshikhaneh dedicated (Bani Masoud, 2005: 21). to the Shah, and the buildings such as Shervni’s house and other gardens, and gave information about Research Questions their location and characteristics. But the major part - Is it possible to interpret the general map and of this work was dedicated to the image of Sa’adat structure of the garden at that time by studying the Abad garden. From these poems one can guess that Abdi Beig Shirazi’s ‘Jenat Aden’ collection (Gardens the garden of Sa’adat Abad and its buildings were of heaven), ordered by Shah Tahmasb Safavid to based on a certain design. Dohat-al-Azhar (Tree of describe the spaces and mansions of the garden of Blossoms) versified a story beagn with the prayers of Sa’adat Abad? God and the praise of Mohammad the Prophet and the - How do the main spaces of the garden, such as praise of Shah Tahmasb. Then Sa’adat Abad Garden, the Arshikhaneh, Shervani’s house, and the Royal the general architectural map of the garden of the Court mentioned in these poems, relate to the whole royal Ja’far Abad garden, the streets and the northern complex and what are the main characteristics of and southern porches of the garden, buildings and them? palaces located on the east side of Shervani’s house - Is it possible to verify Abdi Beig’s statements and other buildings were described. Another part of by their comparison to to other existing texts and this book is dedicated to the wall paintings of various historical documents ..................... btmdauekasienltdrnyoi nypogelfasd mct heoue rc s bihnau. clitTleed oritednhdage.ys S,T mawhfeaeintv htipi doot nheaeemnd dcs hi nQao nfat ghjaeeJras p fd’tohayeranm ta Assht baiaeavrsdee, RSTmiaeanhsncemseai arocsAnhbsb HdoSiyf a pfSBoaatevh’iiagedds aiSstt ohA irbarhazdyi mgweaa rsdd eeonsr,c drteihprietsid o pnob eymo fsS htaahrhee ............... Sainntcrdel uetdth,e edR osinuy matlh mCee orp uorsete,ta ryWso onalf l a JPnindani naitttis-na glf_sruI, siHmtso arrws e(eH rePe oaarvcleshon, atfhe gaet ougorader sds oeanun,r dcm e lafaonnrsd iisoncntaesp rpea.rn edtRi neigtlsy tihnaergc hhoiistnet ocrttuihcriaasl l mpsopaeaptt rioyafl, ...... ......................................................................................... 28 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .... Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 historical features of this Safavid Iranian Garden mention is the book “Minoodar or Babol Janat (Door and its main mansions, including the Arshikhaneh, to Heaven) of Qazvin” or “The historical course of Shervani’s House and Royal Court, are revealed. the building of the Qazvin city and its buildings”. At the same time, the comparison and use of other The second category is the sources that analyze Abdi texts (travelogue of the western tourists), written in Beig’s poems from various aspects. Among these subsequent periods, also helps to interpret the garden works, Dr. Mahvash Alami’s research on Iranian and draw its various objective and functional aspects. garden is notable. The third category is also research This document inspite of being poetic utopian and that devoted to recreating the map of Sa’adat Abad exagerated is helpful to understand the social and garden, among which threeare notable: : in the book cultural values in Iran in the 16th centuray A.D. “Iranian Garden, Reflection of Paradise”, a plan of (10th century A.H.) which was contemporary to the Qazvin royal residences in the Safavid era has been Renaissance period of Europe presented, which in some cases does not correspond to historical texts. Also, Professor of History Dr. Research Method Ehsan Ishraqi, in a paper describing the Royal Court, In order to interpret the Sa’adat Abad garden in palaces and Safavid gardens in Abdi Beig’s poems Safavid period in Qazvin, research method is (2008), presented a map that does not conform to the historical-interpretative that, after deduction and facts. Last plan was drawn by Mr. Ehsan Dizani in the analyzing the historical texts and documents, the map article “Reconstruction of the Royal Town” trying to of the garden in that period is drawn. The sources refine the map of the “Iranian Garden, Reflection of and references studied include the descriptive texts Paradise” (Fig. 1) of the aforementioned period (Prose and Rhyme), traveler’s travelogue and related reports, visual The Natural and Political Position of Qazvin documents, and views of contemporary experts. Due to strategic position, Qazvin always has been a Which are achieved by collecting library information. center of civilation over history., because of being To developthe map of the garden, three existing on eastern-western roads, this city was of great maps are criticized and modified by reviewing other impotance politically and military-wise in pre-Islamic documents. In this historical research, Abdi Beig’s and Islamic times. After the Iran-Ottoman conflict poems are the firsthand source of research, and other during the Safavid period, Shah Tahmasb I discreted texts that indirectly described the garden are the to choose Qazvin to be the capital (Ishraqi, 1390: 3). secondhand sources. Also, in the external critique, As a result, the structure of the city was transformed the authenticity of Abdi Beig’s existing collected and formed on the basis of the triangle: the Royal poems is accepted and to test the internal critique Town, the People Town and the Bazzar .The Royal of this historical document, its content has been Town was connected to People Town (Seljuk city) compared to other historical documents. through the street and in the west through the gates ,underground corridors and passages to the Bazaar, Background of the Research and in the east it is connected to one of the branches Since becoming the capiatal was a turning point in the of Aranzak river. hstiasttionrgy tohfi sQ eavzvenint., tAhevraei laabrele l ortess oouf rhciesst oarricea dl ibvoidoekds Otwno t hster eeaamstes rDn iaznadj awneds tAerrna nszidaek oflfo twhee dc iftyro tmhe Brea wraejirne ........... into three categories: The first is the sources that Mountains.the They provided water to the northern .......... ganivde garecnheirtaelc tiunrfaolr msaittuioanti oanb oouft tQhea zsvoicnia ld, uhriisntogr itchails, mBailzlasa. rA.. l(sIosh rtahqeir,e 2 0w1a2s) Sa osmtree mof tflhoew Sianfga vaidlo ancgt iothnes ........ period, directly or indirectly. Among them, one can that had helped to develop the city in new axes were ....... ...... ...................................................................................... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .........29 Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 Fig. 1. The available maps of Sa’adat Abad Garden and Safavid Royal Court. Source: from right to left: Khansari, 2005: 76; Ishraqi, 2009: 56; Dizani, 2014: 68. ........... .......... ........ Fduigri. n2g. Tthhee Ssatrfuacvtiudr ee roaf: tbhaes ecdit yo no ft hQea bzavsine ....... mauatph orosf. the city in 1928. Source: The ...... ......................................................................................... 30 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .... Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 the digging of new qanats and the use of water of the set up a high and excellent gate, its arc was skyhigh seasonal rivers and the establishment of a network and decorated with colorful tiles, and at the end of cisterns in city centers, along with the digging built a Pigeon Tower that was equal to the Aquila of domestic wells and the restoration of old qanats. Constellations. He paved the garden with geometry One of the important Qanats related to Sa’adat Abad to square passages and triangular and hexagonal garden was Mirzaei Qanat.it provided water for the grass, a streams flowed through the streets, and in Royal Bathhouse of Shah Tahmasb. It is noted in the margins, planted plane and poplar trees, and dedication documents of “Prince Hussein” shrine. designed the squares surrounded with flowers and The nearest qanat to Sa’adat Abad Garden was in the jasmine, judas, elm, and other fruit trees “(Ghomi, north of the Royal Court complex (the current Sabze 2005: 312 , 313). Meidan (Green Square), near Chehelsotun) and Another person who has provided information about water was transfered by ponds, canals, and streams the construction of Sa’adat Abad Garden and several to various parts using the earth slope. (Hussein mansions is Boudaq Monshi Qazvini. in Javaher-al- Zadeh, 2012). Akhbar ,He stated that : Sa’adat Abad garden, was Nevertheless, water scarcity was a serious problem enclosed with walls around, they planted trees in in the city of Qazvin during that period, as the there and repaired and built mansions.The first year excavation of several qanats and the construction of of building the garden according to Abjad numerals cisterns in this case in the following periods did not was stated in this sentence : “whenever the flower resolve. Since Shah Abbas sought to achieve great is out of the garden,” and garden (Bagh) is “one and compete with the Ottoman regime and European thousand and three” according to Abjad numerals countries, in Qazvin, this situation was not provided and flower (Gol) is “fifty” according to Abjad to him, and the city did not have the ability to grow numerals. When fifty issubtracted from one thousand and develop more than that. (Pourmohammadi and three, nine hundred and fifty three is obtained Amlashhi, Farahani Fard, 2013). which is equal to 1546 A.D. (953 A.H.) the year of beginning of building the garden and its gate(Monshi The History of the Construction of the Sa’adat Qazvini, 2000: 203). Abad Garden and the Safavid Royal Court With the presence of Shah Tahmasb I in the autumn In the year 1544 A.D. (951 A.H.), Shah Tahmasb of 1554 A.D. (962 A.H.), Qazvin became the official decided to transfer the capital to Qazvin and to capital of Safavids, but the construction of a new build a new royal complex in the city. At this time, Royal Court was not completed. Quoted from Qazi Tabriz was the official capital of the Safavids. For Ahmad Ghomi, in the fall of that year, the Safavid this purpose, he purchased vast lands up the north Shah arrived in Qazvin with great ceremonies and of the old city of Qazvin called “Zangi Abad” that because the new Royal Court was not built completely, belonged to one of the statesmen so-called Mirza entered the old Royal Court, that was formerly one Sharaf Jahan. Qazi Mir Ahmad Hosseini Ghomi said of the houses of Qazi Ahmad Ghomi and governed in the Kholasat-al-Tawarikh (Summary of history): the country (Ishraqi, 2012: 4) Ghomi mentioned in …In this year Shah entered Qazvin gloriously under the events of the thirty-fifth year of the reign of Shah tThhee m secrhcoyl aorfl yG oedn gainnde edresc iadnedd tthoe b ubiulidl dae rrosy walh goa rwdeerne. Tcoanhtmruanscbt iIo:n” Ino ft hmisa nyseiaorn 1s 5o5f7 SAa.aD’d. a(t9 6A5b aAd. Hg.a),r dtehne ........... masters of art were called from all over the country were completed including interior and exterior .......... tAob abdu ilGd arad esnq.u aBreedtw seheanp ethde ggaradrdenen sc ahllee dd eSsai’gandeadt h1o9u8s4e: s3,9 t8h)e. Hsatrseseatn Banedig tRheu mRuolyoa all sCo owurrot te” i n(G Ahhosmani-, ........ buildings and great halls and courts and ponds and al-Tavarikh: “In this year 1557 A.D. (965 A.H.), ....... ...... ...................................................................................... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .........31 Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 the Shah under the mercy of God transferred from the (Anvari, 2012: 75). old Royal Court to the new Royal Court “ (Rumulo, After completing the construction of the royal garden 1979: 519). complex and the new Royal Court in 1557 A.D. The deceased “Qazi Ataollah Razi,” the brother of (965 A.H.), Shah Tahmasb gave the title of “Ja’far “Qazi Muhammad”, has mentioned two dates in a Abad” and “Bab-al-Janat (Door to Heaven)” to this verse in a rhyme. The poem: complex. Quoted by Qazi Ahmad Ghomi, “… and لصاح خیرات ود دمآ عرصم کی ز/ مدرک رکف وا مامتا لاس یپ prosperous prince called that area “Bab-al-Janat”and لزانملا ریخ و تسا نیرب تشهب/:متفگ ،دیسرپ خیرات لاس زا هش named Ja’far Abad ...” (Ghomi, 2005: 312) Ja’far Abad was named after Imam Ja’far Sadiq (peace “Beheshte barin (Sublime Paradise)” and “Khair- be upon Him), and Bab-al-Janat was mentioned in Al-Manazel” (Best of Houses) are 965 in Abjad some narrative books by Mohammad the Prophet Numerals, so the year of the completion of the garden of Muslims in the virtue of Qazvin city.These names is 1557 A.D. (965 A.H.) (Dabir Siaqi, 2003: 157). are also mentioned in Abdi Beig’s poems: Therefore, the contruction of Sa’adat Abad garden داینب هدنکفا یرفعج هاش هک /دابآ رفعج یلاع رهش نآ مانب and the new Royal Court ended three years after هتشگ روهشم هنطلسلارادب/ هتشگ رومعم وکن مان نیدب Shah entered the capital city permanentlyWith this in (100-99 تایبا :راهزلاا هحود) mind, the design and construction of the Royal Town began in the year 1544 A.D. (951 A.H.) and last until Abdi Beig Shirazi’s “Janat Aden (Gardens of 1557 A.D. (965 A.H.) heaven)” Abdi Beig Shirazi wrote about these poems in the 1-Decision to transfer the Capital to Qazvin book of “Takmelat-al-Akhbar “: “...prosperous Shah 2-Beginning of construction of the garden returned to Qazvin and chose Qazvin to be his winter 3-Transferring the Capital to Qazvin, Governing of quarters afterwards and designed Royal Court garden Shah in Old court there. It was finished finished in the way no one had 4-End of construction of the garden, Governing of seen like that before and this powerless (servant) Shah in new court rhymed five thousand verses book, including five masnavis named “Janat aden” which were read for Etymology of Sa’adat Abad Garden and Shah was. (Abdi Beig Shirazi, 1991: 62). Ja’far Abad Garden Alsohe said following verses about the Shah’s The name of “Sa’adat” was used before transferring command to compose such poems and the date of its the Capital to Qazvin because “Khane Sa’adat” completion: (Shah’s House) and its adjacent square renowned as غاب و نابایخ فصو منکب ات/غامد رد درخ تخیر ماوت رما Saadat (Meydan-e-No) were built before it. A deed (94 تیب :تافصلاه ضور) of endowment was also available to prove this issue ندع تانج هدید یقنور وگب/نآ مامتا خیرات دنسرپ وچ ........... .......... ........ ....... Fig. 3. The Important dates extracted from the historical texts on Qazvin as the capital and the construction of Royal Court complex. ...... Source: authors. ......................................................................................... 32 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .... Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 The date of the completing of “Janat aden” in Abdi Beig even compared this city to Isfahan the Abjad Numerals is “heavenly gardens were and stated that Qazvin was a model for Isafahan flourishing” equals 967 in Abjad Numerals (1559 developemnet: A.D.). Also, elsewhere, the completing “Rowdah- ناهن اجنیا تساجنآ زا شقن دص هک/ناهج شقن تسارناهفصا وگم al-Sefat (Garden of qualities)” was at the end of the 286 تیب :صلاخلاا هفیحص book: Shah Tahmasb’s development activities in the city ناشن شتشهب رازلگب داد/نآ خیرات هب تسج ناشن هک ره were also mentioned in other texts: Eskandar Beig (624 تیب :تافصلا هضور) Turkaman wrote in the “Alam Araye Abbasi” in The term “Paradise Garden” is 967 in Abjad Numerals relation to the works of Shah Tahmasb I: “... from (1559 A.D.). Since the poet was in the city of Qazvin his works ... The buildings of Royal Court mansions that year, it can be said that this Masnavi was rhymed of Qazvin the capital city and the many bathrooms in Qazvin and that time, the construction of the and four Bazaars and Eram garden, all of them so- garden and its buildings were completed, as even the called Sa’adat Abad garden, which is worldwide poet fully described the murals of the buildings. famous and a prototype of the garden of heaven ... “(Turkaman, 1966: 124) Abdi Beig in his poems, especially in the “Rowdah- “Mohammad Yusuf Vale Isfahani” also referred to al-Sefat (Garden of qualities)”, describes dthe the works of Shah Tahmasb I in “Khelde Barin (The situation of Qazvin before and after being selected Highest Paradise)”: “... and the Royal Court and the as the capital. According to his poems, this city many great bathrooms in the royal palace of Qazvin prospered and developed much afterwards and lots the capital city and ... are the results of lofty ambition of building were built. The Sa’adat Abad garden was of the Majesty (Vale Esfahani, 1994: 398). such a construction (Soltani, 2008: 41). However, since 1597 A.D. (1006 A.H.), Shah Abbas هاگتخت شدش وچ نیوزق هطخ/هانپ نید رگلااو ورسخ I transferred the capital to Isfahan, Qazvin collapsed دایز هش مدق نمی هب تشگ/دارم بسح هب هطخ نیا قنور politically.When the Shah and his officials and اهناریو همه ترامع تفای/اهناخ زا حرف یاون تساخ affiliates left the city, developments were stopped وا یوج ره هب تشگ نوزف بآ/وا یوس رهز تساخ مرک ربا and the mansions were also scarcely abondoned. رس دروآرب کلافا زا شتشخ/رسدروآرب کاخ زا یو تشک However, during the Safavid era, the city of Qazvin (106-102 تایبا :تافصلا ه ضور) continued to be of interest to the Safavids, Sometimes From these poems it can be concluded tat following it was used as the temporary residence of the Safavid of presence of Shah in the Capital of Qazvin, the city kings. (Varjavand, 1999) thrived in differnet ways. Qanats and water streams There were also many changes in the structure of were flowing in the city, and construction and Sa’adat Abad garden and the royal complex. Even agriculture flourished. Abdi Beig Shirazi, in Masnavi during the Safavid period, there were destructions in Zinat-al-Owragh (Ornament of leaves), described these mansions, and Qazi Ahmad Ghomi reports that the city of Qazvin and compared it with cities such as Shah Isma’il II destroyed most royal palaces (Anvari, Sham, Tabriz, Isfahan, Qom, Shiraz and Herat, while 2012: 76). Ghomi in his book quoted: “And on this Qazvin was considered to be superior to such cities: day (Shah Isma’il) came to the Royal Court ... It was د(8ش4 نتیییزب ت، قرهارپوسلا نا تیوزنیقز )رهش/دش نیوزق هب تفتلم ات هاش ath ger eaadto crhnaendg Seh aanhd btrraonusgfhotr mdoawtionn m, aonsdt oonf et hdea yh owuhseens ........... راید هتسجخ نآ رود رب تسه راصح شیپ هب ات غاب رد غاب of the great Shah, he said to Navab Sultan Ibrahim .......... ن(9یم3ز تيیوبر ، قرب ارنوالامزا تنینای زلا)مجم نیوزق هطخ وچ يرهش تسین Mwainrztae dt htaot difo t hthei sR, owmoaunld a nndo tI nbdei aanb laen tdo Udzob leikke k tihnigss. ........ (135 تیب ،قارولاا تنیز) (Ghomi, 2005: 623) ....... ...... ...................................................................................... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .........33 Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 Shah Abbas I also added other mansions to the city of Qazvin in relation to the considered area are: palaces complex, one of which was the Khalvat Grand Mosque, Heydarieh Mosque, Aliqapu, Shah mansion. Atthe order of Shah Safi also in 1633 A.D. Tahmasb I Pavilion (Today’s Chehelsotun Palace), (1043 A.H.), they built a street in the north of the Shah Caravanserai, Qeisarieh, Peiqambarieh , Panjeh garden and a gate at the end of garden. Mirza Abutalib Ali Mosque and Street. Khan Wazir composed the following poems on that ● Elements that have been destroyed: The most occasion: important placesand elements of the royal city that رد ز دمآ رد ترصن و حتف يسب/هاش لابقا هب هچ رگا لاس نیا رد have been destroyed are: Shervani’ House, Horse رطخ زا نوصم اداب هتسویپ هک/باب حتف نیا خیرات لاس يپ Square and Shahi Square, Old Royal Court, New رد دندوشگ تنجب اتفگب /لقع ریپ نمب رکفت مدرک وچ Royal Court, Jahan-Nama mansions, Grand Pool and The phrase “Opened the gate to heaven” equals to Pigeon Tower. 1043 in Abjad Numerals (1633 A.D.). The city’s recession caused by the transfer of the ● Garden Geometry capital to Isfahan led to the destroying some royal The structure of Sa’adat Abad garden was reflected complexes in the east of the Bazaar.During the in Abdi Beig description. The garden, like all other Qajar period, the proper position of the city in the Persian gardens, had a checkered pattern, with two trade route with Europe increased the volume of main cross-sectional axes,, dividing the gardens commercial exchanges in this city. Sincethe Bazaar into four parts. All the main axes and streets were needed some room for expansion, the commercial ornamented with a variety of plants and decorative complex of Sa’ad-al-Saltanah was built there. flowers and a stream flowing alongside. The garden is likened to Backgammon board with straight streets Re-commentary of Sa’adat Abad Garden and many divisions, and designs and patterns. Sa’adat Abad Garden and the Royal Court area were راگن و شقن هب تسا یدرن هتخت/رادم ترشع هضور نیا هصرع a vast complex limited to residential neighborhoods راچ ود عطاقتم حطس ود هتشگ /راکشآ حطس ود ز نابایخ راچ from the north and east. Pre-Safavid neighborhoods 199-198 تایبا :تافصلا ه ضور and the Atigh Grand Mosque were at the south of this یوج ضیف رظن شیپ هب هکناز/یوگم شدرن هتخت مطلغ ین complex. While old and new bazaar were at the west دنمجرا هش عبط نآ مظان/دنسپلد یسب تسا یمظن هحفص side.to the and from the west to the New Safavid لاف هدنخرف هحفص نیا لودج /للاز رپ بآ یوج فرط راچ Bazaar of the city along the pre-Safavid Bazaar. 203-201 تایبا :تافصلا ه ضور In this research, only the main elements of Sa’adat ● The attributes of garden streets Abad gardenhighlighted in Abdi Beig’s poetry are In addition to the main streets of the garden, being discussed and compared to other documents to peripheral strees were also beautiful anf full of trees retrieve tha map of the garden. In this section, first of such as on Willow, Tree of Heaven and vine trees. all, the key features of the garden and then the main غاب نیا رود رب هیشاح مسر هب / غاد ار کلافا وز تسا ینابایخ elements are examined, then the final conclusion are رعرع و دیب تخرد شفارطا رب /رس کلف رب رخاقت زا دنیاس هک presented.. تسد دهد نارایشه هب وک یتسم وچ/تسمرس کات و رعرع و دیب نایم ..................... (ميراانشهاج زه لاتضصا ررهایعحیفز وا دتدد ن)دناسرتگرخ وي دا محر یرشسس ززی/ااو مرهامی اع ن هیکب /رتداند امعيسشنا چگو دهلندزا یبددقاین ازهفب ييغم ابش نلیلانچز 1Oto8nw1 -eb1roe7td9h tتrseiاeیdبsاe :saر اnهodزfلا flاt hoهewح وegدrasr, daennd’ sa ssttrreeeatms, otfh ewrea tewr eorne ............... ●irme mpTaoirontadendat y f’rspo lmacR eetshm ea anSindai fnaegvl iedm epelenemrtsioe ndt thsia:nt thThaehv eeh ismbtoeoreisnct b●Ino Staholl us tirhdceee sd oefs cWripattieorn isn o gf athred egnarden and its mansions, ...... ......................................................................................... 34 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .... Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 Shah Tahmasb went to old royal court that belonged to one or the statemen. The location of this court was mentioned in the poems of Abdi Beig. (Dabir Siaqi, 2013). ازف تداعس غاب یفرط زو/ارس تلود هگرد یفرط زا یوس راهچ رد هتخادنا هلغلغ/یور هبور وس ود ز هگرد رد هتشگ 190-189 تایبا :تافصلا ه ضور Based onAbdi Beig’s description, if the gate of Royal Court was, located in front of the Sa’adat Abad garden(gate of Aliqapu), the old royal court was about to be located at the other end of the street and close to the garnd mosque. (Dizani, 2014) Abdi Beig’s poetry also described the garden in front of old royal court’s porch. ناوید زور گرزب ناویاناویا شیپ هب رگد ناتسب یزاسراکب دوش لوغشم/یزارفرسب نید هش اجناک (440-439 :رامثلاا ت نج) ● The street and the gate mansion (Aliqapu) At the beginning of the book Rowdah-al-Sefat (Garden of qualities), a palace was mentioned, which had a dome, designed with embroidery and muqarnas. Then a straight steet was pointed out that was out of the palace. Some trees were planted alongsides. On Fig. 4. Miniature (Drawn 1539-1543) attributed to the painter Aqa Mirak, both sides of this street there were two doorways, one of the important artists of the Shah Tahmasb court, the competition one of which was the doorway to royal court and the of the two doctors in the Sa’adat abad garden. The script on the gate of aliqapu “May this gate always be open to the court of Shah” . other to Sa’adat Abad garden (Soltanzadeh, 2015: Source: British Museum/ Alami 2009. 183); (Fig. 5). رهم و هام فرش شماب هفرش/رهپس اب رس هدز شرصق هبق water played an essential role as flowing strems or (146 :تافصلا ه ضور) ponds outside or inside the mansions. In this verses, کاخز درآرب هرذ بش لد رد/کانبات تفص سمش وا هسمش the poet also refered to the water source of the garden نیچب سنرقمز شقاط یوربا /نیچب نازیرگ هدرک ار هثداح or Iqbal Qanat. 1(151-150 :تافصلا ه ضور) تداعس رازلگ تخاس ارطم/تدارا بسحرب هکنآ مانب لابو دنیب هن ره زا شرتخاک /لاثم تنج هناخ نیا جراخ لاحرپ درک تداعس غاب نازو/لابقا رهن زا بآ دومرف ناور یادز مدرم لد زا للام درک/یازف ترسم نابایخ هدرک (2-1 تایبا :راهزلاا هحود) (163-162 :تافصلا هضور) ورد هانپ دوب ار هم و رهم/ ورد هاش هناخ و غاب هتخاس یراذآ ربا هتسج وزا باک/یراج ورد هش هدرک اهرهن ون ی هزبس یوج ز هتسر رب/وراور رد یوس ود ز شیوج تسلاثمت دلتخ سهکدا بنآ اتسدنیااع سی غشاب غتابس ما الن/تابقسا تدازاآن قش زا غوااب بورآس نازخ زا ر (س1 6ن0ا-ش1ک5ه9ک :بر ااتم ثهلاتخا ه ارنجفا)/ رعرع دیب یوس ود ز وج رب ........... 143-140 تایبا :قارولاا تنیز .......... ●Si nGcaer dtheen cmoannstsriuocntiso; nO oldf ROoldy arlo Cyaolu croturt was not یهلا تمحر هگلزندما/یی دههادشی م ی تارشسه رب دغ یاب وزسک/کدیابآ تداعس رد یوسکی ........ completed when the capital transferred to Qazvin, (164-163 :رامثلاا ه نج) ....... ...... ...................................................................................... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism .........35 Samaneh Yarahmadi, Mojtaba Ansari, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad / Bagh- e Nazar, 15 (58):27-52 Pietro Della Valle who came to Iran in 1616 A.D. the northern face of complex which was built at the (1025 A.H.), wrote in his travelogue: “What attracted order of Shah Tahmasb. Kaempfer also refered to the me in Qazvin was the royal gate that was located in a inscription on the gate, which is2: big square. This gate is not painted and lacks golden للها لاا هلا لا نا دهشا قح هب/هاگرد نیا هشیمه تلود هب داب هداشگ decorations, but has a great magnitude.” (Della A drawing by Kaempfer represented this street which Valle, 1970). he called the “entrance to Aliqapu”. In this plan, the Jean Chardin who was in Qazvin for four months in mentioned street is drawned as a quadrangle space 1648 A.D. (1058 A.H.), wrote in his travelogue “The (650 feet long and 65 feet wide). In which it was palace of the king has seven gates, and the largest planted plane and mulberry trees (one in between) on of them named Aliqapu, which means “Door to both sides at a distance of seven feet (Alami, 2009: 50). Heaven” and an inscription is on the top of it.” Engelbert Kaempfer, in 1684 A.D. (1096 A.H.), Arshikhaneh or Shah Tahmasb Mansion whocame to Iran in Safavid Shah Suleiman’s era, Typically in designed gardens especially in and visited Qazvin during his stay in the city., he governmental gardens,there were a main ax drew a few designs including the Aliqapu gate ,the conncting the gate building to the main mansion. street in front of it, the arena of the grand mosque and Likewise, in the Sa’adat Abad garden, there were a Fig. 5. The Aliqapu gate sketch drawn by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1096 Ah. (1684 Ad) / Qazvin Street to the Aliqapu by Pascal Coste in 1840 Ad. Source: BritishLibrary/ Library of Marseille: Alami 2012. ........... .......... ........ ....... ...... Fig. 6. Recreation of the Sa’adat abad Garden and the street in front of it. Source: authors. ......................................................................................... 36 ... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism ....