The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1638, by James Silver and W. E. Crouch and M. C. Betts This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1638 Rat Proofing Buildings and Premises Author: James Silver W. E. Crouch M. C. Betts Release Date: July 10, 2020 [EBook #62608] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1638 *** Produced by Tom Cosmas U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS' BULLETIN No. 1638 RAT PROOFING BUILDINGS and PREMISES « i » « ii » F T OOD AND SHELTER are as essential to rats as to other animals, and the removal of these offers a practical means of permanent rat control. The number of rats on premises and the extent of their destructiveness are usually in direct proportion to the available food supply and to the shelter afforded. Rat proofing in the broadest sense embraces not only the exclusion of rats from buildings of all types but also the elimination of their hiding and nesting places and cutting off their food supply. Through open doors and in other ways, rats may frequently gain access to structures that are otherwise rat proof, but they can not persist there unless they find safe retreats and food. When rat proofing becomes the regular practice the rat problem will have been largely solved. Washington, D. C. Issued December, 1930 RAT PROOFING BUILDINGS AND PREMISES By James Silver, Associate Biologist, and W. E. Crouch, Senior Biologist, Division of Predatory-Animal and Rodent Control, Bureau of Biological Survey, and M. C. Betts, Senior Architect, Division of Agricultural Engineering, Bureau of Public Roads. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 General principles of rat proofing 2 Rat-proofing farm buildings 2 Barns 5 Corncribs 7 Granaries 9 Poultry houses 9 Other farm structures 11 Rat proofing city buildings 13 Markets 18 Warehouses 19 Rat proofing the city 20 Model rat-proofing ordinances 21 INTRODUCTION HE PRINCIPLES of modern construction of buildings are opposed to everything conducive to the best interests of the rat. They call for the liberal use of indestructible and noncombustible materials, as well-made concrete and steel, and these are too much for even the sharpest of rodent incisors. They include, also, fire stopping in double walls and floors and the elimination of all dead spaces and dark corners, and the rat is left no place in which to hide. They embody sanitary features that provide for hygienic storage of food, and the rat can not live without something to eat. Many men have devoted their lives to a study of methods of rat control, and as a result countless preparations, devices, and contrivances are constantly being made available. Trapping, snaring, trailing, flooding, digging, hunting, ferreting, poisoning, and fumigating are employed, and rat limes, rat lures, rat repellents, and bacterial viruses are resorted to, and even antirat laws, local. State, and national, are constantly being passed in a world-wide effort to conquer this rodent. These have been important factors in keeping down the surplus, but all destructive agencies that have been used have utterly failed to reduce materially the total number of rats in the world. Rat proofing, however, is at last making definite headway against the age-old enemy of mankind, and it is upon this that the ultimate solution of the rat problem will depend. « 1 » The destruction of rats for temporary relief and for keeping them under control in places where rat proofing is not possible or practicable will always be necessary, and knowledge of the best means of destroying rats is essential to any rat-control program. Information on poisoning, trapping, and other means of destroying rats is given in Farmers' Bulletin 1533, Rat Control. Permanent freedom from rats, however, should be the goal of everyone troubled with the pests and rat proofing offers the best means to this end. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RAT PROOFING Every separate structure presents its individual problem, but there are two general principles that apply in all cases and that should be kept in mind when the rat proofing of any building is being considered. First, the exterior of those parts of the structure accessible to rats, including porches or other appurtenances, must be constructed of materials resistant to the gnawing of rats, and all openings must be either permanently closed or protected with doors, gratings, or screens; second, the interior of the building must provide no dead spaces, such as double walls, spaces between ceilings and floors, staircases, and boxed-in piping, or any other places where a rat might find safe harborage, unless they are permanently sealed with impervious materials. All new buildings should be made rat proof. When plans are being drawn for a building, the rat problem is frequently overlooked, usually because rats are not often present near sites selected for new structures. They are certain to come later, however, and should therefore be taken into account. Modern structures are so nearly rat proof that to make them completely so requires only slight and inexpensive changes. Furthermore, rat proofing is closely associated with fire stopping and with sanitary measures that are now required by law in many places. Cities in growing numbers have added rat proofing clauses to their building ordinances with such good effect that others are sure to follow their lead. Builders should therefore compare the cost of rat proofing during construction with the probable later cost, in case local laws should require that all buildings be made rat proof. RAT PROOFING FARM BUILDINGS The cost of rat proofing the entire premises of many American farms would amount to less than the loss occasioned by rats on the same farms during a single year. In no other place is rat proofing more badly needed or less often accomplished than on the farm. There are, however, numerous examples of rat-proof farms in nearly every county in the United States, and almost invariably they are the more prosperous farms, for the rat proofing of a farm is an indication that the farmer has learned the necessity of stopping all small leaks, which mean reduced profits. A rat-proof farm is not necessarily one in which the entire farmstead is absolutely proofed, but rather one where conditions are so unfavorable for any invading rats that they either will desert the premises of their own accord or may be easily routed by man or dogs. The source of the trouble on almost any heavily rat-infested farm can be traced directly to conditions that furnish rats safe refuges near abundant food. The commoner of these rat-breeding places are beneath wooden floors set a few inches off the ground in poultry houses, barns, stables, granaries, corncribs, and even residences; in piles of fuel wood, lumber, and refuse; in straw, hay , and manure piles that remain undisturbed for long periods beneath concrete floors without curtain walls; and inside double walls of buildings. In rat proofing the farmstead as a whole, attention should first be paid to the premises outside the buildings and later to each building separately. Neatness is of prime importance in keeping a place free from, rats, and providing facilities for keeping it neat should be considered part of the rat-proofing program. An incinerator, which can be made from a discarded metal drum or rolled-up poultry netting, is convenient for burning all trash and combustible waste; and a deep, covered pit with a trapdoor will take care of tin cans and other noncombustibles, if it is not practicable to haul them away at regular intervals. A covered garbage can is also indispensable on farms where table scraps are not fed directly to poultry or hogs. (Fig. 1.) Raised platforms, 18 or more inches high, should be provided upon which to pile lumber or other materials that if placed on the ground would afford shelter for rats. (Fig. 2.) Large piles of cut stove wood on many northern farms become rat infested. The same is true of manure piles adjoining barns and, to a lesser extent, of hay and straw stacks near farm buildings. These do not provide food and are attractive to rats for harbors only if near a source of food supply; moving them to a place at some distance from where foodstuffs are handled will usually solve the problem. Stone walls at times furnish excellent harborage for rats but, like the woodpile, only if there is ample food near by. Stone walls supporting « 2 » « 3 » B31216 Figure 1.—An automatic garbage can, always closed embankments and driveways on sloping farmsteads are most frequently infested, and when this occurs the inviting openings can usually be readily closed with small stones and cement. Ditch banks often are a source of rat infestation, but in most climates during the warmer months only. The rodents concentrate in such places because they are less likely to be disturbed there. Rat proofing the ditch bank consists merely of burning or otherwise destroying the protective vegetation. This, of course, affords only temporary relief and should not be considered strictly rat proofing. The use of concrete in the construction of most farm buildings is usually the best means of permanently excluding the rat. Fortunately, many of the fundamentals of rat proofing are also principles of good construction. As am example, in order to support a building properly, the foundation should extend well into the ground below the frost line; rat proofing likewise requires that the foundation wall extend at least 2 feet below the surface. Rats seldom burrow deeper than 2 feet unless natural passageways assist. Foundation walls should project a foot or more above the ground in order to protect the wooden parts of the building, and this also lessens the opportunity for rats to gnaw through the wall. A rat is not likely to cling to the exposed exterior of a building a foot above the ground while it gnaws a hole through wooden sheathing or siding. It would do so very quickly, however, if such siding extended to the ground, where its work could be under cover of vegetation or behind some object, particularly when the siding becomes somewhat rotted, as would soon happen were it close to the ground. B3139M Figure 2.—Lumber and other stored materials piled well off the ground to prevent rat harborage It is important that concrete be hard, as weak concrete is but a slight obstacle to the sharp rodent incisors. The mixture approved for ordinary building construction, however, is sufficiently hard to be entirely rat proof, and it is essential that approved practices of mixing and placing concrete be followed. Directions for using concrete and for building concrete floors are given in Farmers' Bulletin 1279, Plain Concrete for Farm Use, and in Farmers' Bulletin 1480, Small Concrete Construction on the Farm. Other approved building practices, such as fire stopping double walls, eliminating waste dead spaces, making doors, windows, and ventilators fit tightly, and screening or permanently stopping all openings, are also necessary in rat proofing. For simple farm buildings the foundation illustrated in Figure 3 meets all the requirements of good construction and will keep the rats out if the walls are tight. BARNS It is seldom possible to shut out rats completely from barns or entirely to cut off their food supply where livestock is fed. Little trouble will be experienced with them, however, if their harbors are eliminated. In barns rat harbors are most frequently found around stalls, under wooden mangers, and stall partitions, and beneath wooden or dirt floors. In modern barns with concrete floors, concrete or metal mangers, and metal stanchions, such places of retreat are entirely eliminated. In older barns it is desirable at least to replace wooden and dirt floors with concrete and reconstruct the mangers so that they are a foot or more off the ground. Another common source of rat trouble, particularly in the northern half of the United States, is the hollow wall, within which rats find safe retreat and convenient runways leading to the haymow. In recent years fibrous insulating materials have been used to line the interiors of many farm buildings, and in most cases these have resulted in greatly increased rat infestation. Rats cut through these composition boards very easily and seem to be attracted by the facilities for breeding thus provided. Hollow walls of any kind accessible to rats should either be eliminated or adequately rat proofed. Such rat proofing may be accomplished by filling the hollow spaces to a height of 8 or 10 inches above the sill with cement, bricks, or other material resistant to the gnawing of rats, or a strip of galvanized metal 2 or more feet wide may be carried around the inside wall just above the sill. Old barns with wooden floors supported a few inches above the ground on girders and posts are particularly objectionable from the standpoint of rat infestation and should be rat proofed with concrete. (Fig. 4.) A concrete foundation wall extending at least 2 feet below grade is placed under the girder between the posts. The wooden posts may be removed after the wall has hardened, and the spaces left should then be filled in with concrete. A concrete floor « 4 » « 5 » Figure 3.—Foundation and floor suitable for most types of farm buildings is laid, and cement stucco on metal lath is extended up the walls for at least 2 feet, preferably to the level of window sills. Rock foundations in many old barns offer excellent harborage for rats unless pointed carefully with cement mortar. If possible, the floor should be raised to the level of the sill and the walls plastered to the window-sill level (fig. 5) in such manner as to prevent access by rats to spaces between the studs. The grain bin and other similar fixtures must always be considered in rat proofing a barn. It is most important that they be so situated or constructed that there shall be no hiding places for rats behind or under them. The grain bin should be completely lined or covered with metal and should have metal-clad lids. Any open spaces behind or under the bins should be tightly closed with metal. (Fig. 6.) Figure 4.—A, Detail of old barn with floor supported a few inches above ground on girders and posts; B, same barn made rat proof with concrete foundation and floors and cement-plastered walls Figure 5.—Method of rat proofing old stable, A. Concreting and plastering as shown in B makes for better sanitary conditions behind stock Other accessories of various kinds of barns should be examined carefully and remodeled or moved if necessary to exclude rats or eliminate harbors. The haymow frequently presents a difficult problem in a heavily infested barn, but the haymow alone is seldom responsible for the rats, for if all other rat harbors in the barn are effectively eliminated or shut off, the rats will not long remain with the hay as their only shelter. If the lower walls are of rough surface or composed of open studs covered on the outside, rats can climb at the corners. They may be prevented from doing so by the application of a strip of metal 8 inches wide placed just below the joists of the upper floor. Recommended construction of walls and floors in new frame barns is shown in Figure 7. « 6 » « 7 » Figure 8.—Suggested construction for corncrib: A, Section through wall; B, section through door, which is made of cribbing on vertical battens; the metal band on the wall extends across the door, but is cut and bent Inward at the edges of the door; C, plan of door; D, enlarged detail of Jamb at closing side of door Figure 6.—A convenient upper-story rat-proof grain bin Figure 7.—Recommended construction of walls and floors of new frame barns. Cement plaster on metal lath or Insulating board is applied to the inside of the studs at least to the level of the window sills as a better protection against rats and as being more easily kept clean than wooden lining CORNCRIBS Of all the buildings on the average farm the corncrib is usually in greatest need of rat proofing. Losses sometimes amounting to a fourth or a third of the total quantity of corn held over winter have been known. A survey in a southern State showed an average loss of 5 per cent of corn in storage; in one case 500 bushels were destroyed in one crib during one winter. The amount of this loss would have been sufficient to pay for rat proofing the crib several times over. In building or remodeling a corncrib; therefore, it is most important that it be made permanently rat proof. Probably the most satisfactory method of accomplishing this with the common slat-sided corncrib is entirely to cover the walls and ceiling on the inside and the wooden floors on the under side with woven-wire mesh or hardware cloth, two or three meshes to the inch. A heavy grade of woven wire should be used, 12 or 15 gage, and galvanized after weaving. Painting with a tar or asphaltic paint increases its durability. Another method, and one that is less expensive and quite effective as long as kept in good repair, is shown in Figure 8. Wire netting should be carried around the entire crib to a height of 2 feet or more from the top of the foundation. A strip of galvanized iron 8 inches wide should be fastened above the wire netting. The joints between the foundation and netting and between the netting and metal strip must be tight. As rats are unable to gain a footing on the smooth metal and can not climb over it, it is unnecessary to use wire netting above the strip. Care should be taken to join the lengths of metal tightly and to carry the wire netting and strips of metal across and around both sides of doors and door jambs. It is also advisable to provide doors with springs or weights to insure their remaining closed. « 8 » Figure 10.—Recommended method of rat proofing a portable granary B31365 Figure 9.—An inexpensive method of rat proofing a corncrib. It is supported by glazed tiles capped with galvanized washtubs, which, though not attractive in appearance, have successfully kept out rats If possible the corncrib should have a concrete foundation and floor, as illustrated. Otherwise it should be elevated on posts or piers so that it will have a clearance underneath of feet or more. If the supporting posts or piers are covered with sheet metal, or are protected at the top with metal collars or disks extending at least 9 inches out from the posts, rats will be kept out of the crib. Old cribs can often be rat proofed in this manner at little expense. Dish pans and washtubs make convenient rat guards. (Fig. 9.) It is important that the area beneath the corncrib be kept clear and that nothing that the rats can climb be leaned against it.[1] Plans for a 2,000-bushel corncrib (design No. 521) are available upon request addressed to the Bureau of Public Roads, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. GRANARIES The rat proofing of granaries is of great importance, because of the abundance of food stored there and the corresponding opportunity for serious loss. The granary with concrete foundation and floors, tight-fitting doors, and screened ventilators presents no unusual problem, except possibly in connection with the elevator pit, which should be carefully checked against possible means of ingress for rats. Small wooden and portable granaries should be protected with wire netting. (Fig. 10.) Concrete feeding floors, troughs (fig. 11), water tanks, hog wallows, and similar structures should be constructed with a curtain wall, or apron, around the outer edge extending 2 feet or more into the ground (fig. 12) to keep the rats from burrowing underneath the slab. This also tends to prevent the heaving caused by frost and the uneven settling of the structure in soft ground. POULTRY HOUSES It is not practicable to attempt to exclude rats from poultry houses, but such buildings can easily be made proof against serious trouble by the elimination of all places where the rodents can obtain safe harborage. Most rat infestation around poultry plants is due to the presence of numerous shelters and suitable breeding places. Three things are particularly to be avoided: Wooden floors on or within a few inches of the ground; double walls; and nest boxes, feed hoppers, and other fixtures placed so as to provide shelter for rats under or behind them. From a rat-proofing standpoint the floors as well as the foundation should be made of concrete. (Fig. 13.) If this is not considered practicable, wooden floors should be elevated so as to insure a clear space of 2 or more feet between the floor and the ground. Warmth can be provided, if necessary, by two thicknesses of flooring with tar paper between. Hollow walls almost invariably furnish harborage for rats. The inner stud covering therefore, should be torn out, but if warmth is a factor to be considered, siding should be put over sheathing on the outside of the studs with building paper between.[2] The construction of poultry houses and fixtures is described in Farmers' Bulletin 1554, Poultry Houses and Fixtures. « 9 » [1] « 10 » [2] Figure 12.—A concrete curtain wall or apron under a feeding floor prevents raveling of earth and consequent breaking of the slab, as well as the harboring of rats B4390M Figure 11.—Rat proof pigpens and feeding troughs are easy to keep clean and sanitary, and rats have little opportunity to steal the feed Portable laying and brooder houses frequently become heavily infested because they are usually built with wooden floors removed from the ground only by the height of the runners on which they are constructed and are seldom moved as frequently as originally intended. Feed, sifting through the floors, attracts rats, which after finding desirable shelter soon establish themselves in burrows beneath the houses and multiply rapidly. Portable houses, therefore, should be raised off the ground 2 or more feet. Nests should be raised 2 or more feet above the floor, and feed and grit hoppers at least 1 foot. Drinking vessels for water and skim milk should supported on a platform 1 to 1½ feet above the floor, so as to eliminate the possibility of rat shelters and keep the liquids in a more sanitary condition. Other equipment should be given the same consideration. The premises around the poultry house should be cleared of all rat harbors by elevating all objects under which a rat can find shelter. (Fig. 14.) Near-by buildings particularly should be considered, for it is frequently found that rats living exclusively on poultry feed occupy harbors 50 or more feet away from the food source. For this, reason it is desirable to build poultry plants at least 100 feet from any possible rat harborage. The vast number of young chicks killed annually by rats would be greatly reduced if these simple precautions were taken. 13740C Figure 13.—Rat proofing a poultry house by laying a concrete floor OTHER FARM STRUCTURES There are many farm buildings of various kinds that should be made proof against rats. In most cases, however, the application of the general principles of rat proofing, as previously explained, will suffice. Not only should all buildings in which food is kept be made inaccessible to rats, but adjoining and near-by buildings and premises as well. The procedure to be followed in the case of farm dwellings is omitted here, as sufficient is included under the next heading, Rat Proofing City Buildings, the conditions with respect to dwellings on farms and in towns being quite similar. « 11 » Outside cellars frequently become infested with rats, and great havoc to stored produce almost invariably results. Considerable expense, if necessary, is justified in making the storage cellar rat proof. A cellarway with wooden steps and sills and earth floor is usually the source of the trouble. The sill soon rots or the rats burrow under it to gain entrance. The remedy is to construct a concrete floor and cellarway. This not only will exclude rats but will prove more economical in the long run. (Fig. 15.) 7651-C Figure 14.—Coop built up off the ground, rather than with the floor resting on the ground and thereby affording rats a desirable hiding place. Figure 15.—A, Cellarway before rat proofing; B, cellarway rat proofed Click on image to view larger sized. RAT PROOFING CITY BUILDINGS In rat proofing a city building it is well first to look to the exterior. If the locality is heavily infested with rats, some are almost certain sooner or later to find their way into the building however well protected against them it may be. Garbage and trash usually comprise the bulk of the rats' food supply. A metal, water-tight garbage can, large enough to contain all garbage accumulations between collections and having a close-fitting lid (fig 1), is of prime importance and should be required in all cases by city law. « 12 » « 13 » B2008M Figure 16.—An accumulation of trash such as this Is almost certain to attract rats and should be prohibited by law Large accumulations of trash usually, contain much waste food (fig. 16) and are certain to attract rats and furnish an ideal breeding place for them. Furthermore, they are a menace to health and should not be tolerated under any circumstances. All other rat harbors, such as wooden floors and sidewalks very near the ground, should be removed or replaced with concrete, and piles of lumber and various materials stored out of doors should be removed or elevated 18 or more inches. Particular care should be taken to see that sheds and other outbuildings, porches, steps, loading platforms, and similar structures on the premises are made rat proof, either by the use of concrete, by elevation, or by keeping them open to the light and easily accessible. A thorough inspection should next be made of the building itself and careful note taken of alterations and repairs necessary for a thorough job of rat proofing. Inspection should begin in the basement. Doors and windows should fit snugly, particularly doors leading to outside stairs or elevators, and these should also be provided with automatic closing devices. Windows and ventilators should be screened or covered with gratings, the openings not more than half an inch square. Defects in basement floors should be repaired with concrete, and floor drains should be fitted with tight covers, (Fig. 17.) B3341M:B3331M « 14 » Figure 17.—A, Broken floor drains provide a ready means for invasion by rats; B, rat tracks in freshly laid concrete around newly repaired drain show that before repairs were made the drain was a rat highway Side walls should be carefully inspected, and all openings made for plumbing (fig. 18), electric-wire conduits, areas around windows and doors, and unpointed joints in masonry walls (frequently left when the exterior of the wall is hidden from public view by porches or platforms) should be carefully closed with cement mortar. (Fig. 19.) B28391:B4391M Figure 18.—A, Openings around pipes are a common source of rat infestation; B, situations like this give rats access to otherwise rat-proof buildings Basement ceilings, when accessible to rats, cause much trouble, and frequently the best remedy is to remove them entirely. In frame construction spaces between studs in walls opening into basements also are a common cause of rat infestation of the whole building. The permanent closing of these spaces with noncombustible material not only shuts out the rats but also reduces the fire hazard by stopping the drafts and the rising of heated gases should a fire start in the basement. This process of blocking spaces between studs and furring is commonly known as fire stopping and is of such importance that the building regulations of many cities now require it. Figure 20 illustrates practical methods of rat proofing stud spaces in old buildings. « 15 » « 16 » B4388M Figure 19.—Defects in foundations, such as the opening to the right of the step, are often the cause of rat infestation in old buildings All openings between floors and in partitions made for the passage of pipes and wires and any defects in the wall should be closed with metal flashing. All dead spaces throughout the building, such as boxed-in plumbing, spaces behind or beneath built-in cabinets, counters, shelving, bins, show windows, and many similar places, should be removed, opened up, or effectively and permanently proofed against rats. In the Southern States, where the roof rat occurs, similar care must be taken to make the upper floors and roofs of buildings rat proof, as this rat is an expert climber and frequently enters buildings by way of the roof. Doors at the top of stairs and elevators should fit snugly, and all ventilators, exhaust fans, unused chimney flues, and other openings should be screened. Broken skylights and openings under eaves and places where electric wires enter the building should be repaired or closed. Figure 20.—Methods of rat proofing stud spaces in old buildings: A, Construction at outer wall. Open stud spaces are filled with weak concrete, which is placed by removing the skirting above. If the work is done a little at a time, the wooden forms can be removed when the concrete has set, and used again. B, Another method employing sheet metal secured to sill, joist, and flooring. C, Post and girder in basement supporting partition with open stud spaces. Sheet metal nailed to joists and floor and fitted about the stud prevents access to upper floors Figure 21.—A, Typical construction of frame building on wooden girders and posts with Joists more than 2 feet above ground; B, sheet metal placed as shown serves to prevent the rats from climbing to a point « 17 » Figure 22.—A, Concrete curtain, or area wall, designed for rat-proofing purposes; it does not support the building. B, Plan of wall where supports are of wood; the concrete is bound to the posts with wire mesh. C, Plan of masonry support; concrete will adhere to the masonry if the surface is roughened where they can gnaw through the wood Buildings that have neither basements nor continuous masonry foundations present more difficult rat-proofing problems. The most effective procedure is to construct a concrete foundation wall between the existing supports and, after the wall has hardened, remove the supports, if of wood, and replace them with concrete to make the wall continuous. Where the cost prohibits following this plan and where the supporting sill and joists are at least 2 feet above the ground level, satisfactory rat proofing may be attained by stopping the spaces between the studs with weak concrete or other material resistant to rats for a distance of 8 inches above the floor level, or with galvanized-metal flashing nailed to the joists, plate, and floor. (Fig. 21.) The space beneath the building must be free from all rubbish and other material that would afford shelter for rats. A continuous masonry foundation, with screened openings to provide ventilation, presents a more pleasing appearance. If the clearance between the ground level and the bottom of girders and joists is less than 2 feet, it may provide a hazardous rat harbor. One of three things should be done: The building should be elevated on piers 2 feet above the ground; a concrete foundation should be built as described above; or a continuous concrete curtain wall should be constructed under the entire outer wall of the building. (Fig. 22.) Most new city buildings are now built practically rat proof, or could be made so with only minor changes in the plans and at small cost. Yet if certain essential details are not included at the start, endless rat troubles are likely to ensue. It is therefore highly desirable that plans for every new building include specifications for rat proofing. All new buildings in which foodstuffs are to be handled should have ground floors of concrete or other rat-proof material and concrete or masonry walls extending at least 2 feet below and 1 foot above the ground surface. All unnecessary openings in the foundation, walls, and floors should be permanently closed, and windows and ventilators should be screened. Stud spaces in frame construction should be stopped with noncombustible material resistant to rats. New buildings in which foodstuffs are not to be handled may, if desired, be elevated on piers or posts to provide a clearance of 2 feet between the ground level and the bottom of the supporting girders, although the concrete or masonry wall is more satisfactory. MARKETS Public, farmers', and wholesale markets, commission houses, and similar places where vast quantities of foodstuffs are assembled and redistributed are nearly always infested with large numbers of rats. Such structures are usually concentrated in districts, and these often become rat-breeding centers, from which the rats constantly overflow to adjoining sections of the city. Rat proofing a district of this kind would seem to be almost hopeless, yet it has often been demonstrated that the task is not only feasible but entirely practicable. . Here, more than anywhere else, the great need is the elimination of rat shelters, which in turn means the free use of concrete or other masonry. Scrupulous cleanliness is essential in markets, but even where this is practiced it is not possible completely to eliminate rat food, so the main reliance must be placed on the removal of all rat harbors. Not only must the building in which the market is housed be rat proofed, but also all the fixtures. In old public markets the stalls were frequently constructed as if designed for the protection of rats. Dark, out-of-the-way holes under counters, stands, and shelves afford convenient places for the accumulation of trash, which it would be well to destroy; and in such locations, with abundance of food at hand, rats are in the best possible position to thrive and multiply. The use of smooth concrete or tile counters (fig. 23) erected on concrete floors deprive rats of the essential shelter, provided that the space underneath the counter is kept clean and that stored material is moved frequently. The smooth surface also prevents the rats from climbing and makes it possible to leave edible products on the counter overnight without fear of their being damaged or contaminated by the rodents. If wooden floors are used, the boards should be laid flat on the concrete or on sleepers not more than half an inch high. « 18 » « 19 » B3137BM Figure 23.—Rat proof market stalls. Rats are unable to climb the smooth tiles to get at foodstuffs left on the counter WAREHOUSES Warehouses require rat proofing because of the great quantities of foodstuffs handled there and even stored for long periods. It is essential that the building itself be rat proofed with concrete or masonry foundation, concrete floors, and tight-fitting doors lined with metal at the base. Doors of warehouses frequently become jammed as a result of heavy trucking and should be carefully watched for defects that would admit rats. Concrete floors, in addition to being rat proof and fire proof, save labor because of the comparative ease with which loaded trucks can be rolled over them. When warehouses are found to be seriously infested with rats, the trouble can usually be traced to such faulty construction as allows the rats access to spaces beneath floors or within walls, or even provides exits to near-by shelter outside. Eats also gain entrance to rat-proofed warehouses through being shipped in with produce or when doors are left open, and once inside they may persist and do much damage from shelter afforded by piles of stored goods. Such damage, however, is usually small in comparison with that resulting from permanent rat harbors beneath floors, and the rats can be destroyed much more easily. A report from one flour warehouse indicated that it cost more than $3,000 a year to repair bags gnawed by rats and mice. Such a loss would go far toward rat proofing any premises. A common cause of rat depredations in warehouses is the construction of platforms a few inches off the floor upon which to pile flour and other produce. Such platforms provide permanent shelter for rats and should be eliminated. Boards may be laid flat on the concrete floor with no spaces between them to afford rat harbors; or, if this is not sufficient proof against dampness, the platforms should be raised a foot or more off the floor to admit light. In such a place a rat does not feel safe and will not stay. Bags of flour, grain, and other produce furnish harborage that can not well be avoided, but such goods are usually moved so frequently that rats do not have opportunity to RAT PROOFING THE CITY Rat proofing the city is a responsibility of the city government. The greatest force that can be exerted to-day toward the permanent suppression of the rat pest is through the passage of practical building ordinances that require the rat proofing of buildings and the adoption of sanitary regulations that will insure clean premises and adequate collection and disposed of garbage. It has been demonstrated that such requirements not only are effective in reducing the numbers of rats to the minimum, but also that they greatly improve health conditions, reduce the fire hazard, and from a purely economic standpoint are profitable. In one city in which rat proofing has been vigorously prosecuted for a number of years and in which more than 80 per cent of the old buildings have been made proof against rats, the sharp decline in the number of fires resulted in a 5 per cent reduction in the fire-insurance rates. More than $1,000,000 was spent in the same city in rat proofing 10 miles of docks, but even this large expenditure was found to be a profitable investment. Probably nothing so nearly reflects the sanitary conditions of a city as the number of rats that it harbors, for the rat population is usually in inverse ratio to the degree of sanitation maintained. In 1930 at least 13 cities in this country had rat-proofing laws, and more than 30 others had fire-stopping requirements that are important in rat proofing. An effective rat-proofing program must be practicable and not too drastic; otherwise it will fail from lack of popular support. Attempts to enforce rat proofing of existing structures would probably not be feasible unless under stress of an outbreak of bubonic plague or other rat-borne disease epidemic. There seems to be no good reason, however, why buildings constructed in the future or remodeled should not be made rat proof under the requirements of building ordinances. Had such ordinances been enacted 50 years ago and rigidly enforced since that time the large majority of « 20 » « 21 » buildings to-day would be rat proof, and rats, with their accompanying filth and destructiveness, would have been largely eliminated. There would also be fewer of the unsightly and insanitary shacks now existing in most cities, and the average structure would be of a more desirable type. As modern construction conforms so closely in principle to the requirements of rat proofing, there should be little, if any, opposition among builders to a rat-proofing clause in building ordinances. In considering the suppression of rats, at the outset city authorities should discard all methods other than those that strike at the source of the trouble. The actual destruction of rats is necessary as a temporary means of stopping their depredations, but modern construction and sanitation are the weapons that must be relied upon to gain permanent relief. In addition to a rat-proofing ordinance, every city should have a law requiring that all garbage wherever accumulated be kept in rat-proof containers or garbage cans until collected or until destroyed by incineration or otherwise disposed of in a manner that would avoid the possibility of its providing food for rats. Containers should have covers not easily removed by dogs and other animals. The city should also enact regulations prohibiting the accumulation of trash, refuse, or waste matter of any kind on either public or private premises, and should provide adequate means for collecting and disposing of all waste. Consideration should also be given to the sewer system. Although most modern sewers do not offer opportunity for the unrestricted breeding of rats, there are many still in use that furnish harbors for large numbers of these pests in sections of some cities. Of most importance is the corner catch basin, storm sewer, or street-drainage opening, which should be effectively remodeled, if necessary, to provide smooth interior vertical walls with a drop of at least 3 feet; rats are unable to jump 3 feet vertically or to climb smooth surfaces. Another place that should receive attention is the city dumping ground, which frequently serves as an incubator for rats, and these soon overflow into near-by sections of the city. A study should be made of methods of disposing of waste materials and a system put into effect that will meet the requirements of the city and insure the destruction, removal, or adequate covering of all such food for rats. Any other conditions that may be found favorable for the breeding of rats, whether on public or on private property, should be declared a public nuisance and ordered corrected. MODEL RAT-PROOFING ORDINANCES The samples or models of rat-proofing and garbage-removal ordinances here given were prepared by the United States Public Health Service as a result of its experience in combating bubonic plague in several coastal cities. They have, in substance, been adopted and put into practice by a number of cities and have been found practicable. They should be applicable to any city after necessary allowance and possible changes have been made to conform to local conditions and constitutional considerations. AN ORDINANCE DEFINING RAT PROOFING OF ALL BUILDINGS[3] U. S. Pub. Health Serv. Bul. 121, Preliminary Report on Proposed Antiplague Measures in Massachusetts. Section 1. Be it ordained, etc., That it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation hereafter to construct any building, outhouse, or other superstructure, stable, lot, open area, or other premise, sidewalk, street, or alley, or to repair or remodel the same to an extent of ———— per cent of cost of construction within the city of ————, unless the same shall be rat proofed in the manner hereinafter provided for. Sec. 2. Be it further ordained, etc., That for the purpose of rat proofing all buildings, outhouses, and other superstructures in the city of ————, except stables, shall be divided into two classes, to wit, class A and class B, and the same shall be rat proofed in the manner following, to wit: Class A.—All buildings, outhouses, and other superstructures of class A shall have floors made of rat-proof material or of concrete, which concrete shall be not less than 3 inches thick, and overlaid with a top dressing of cement, mosaic, tiling, or other impermeable material laid in cement mortar, and such floor shall rest without any intervening space between upon the ground or upon filling of clean earth, sand, cinders, broken stone or brick, gravel, or similar material, which filling shall be free from animal or vegetable substances; said floor shall extend and be hermetically sealed to walls surrounding said floor, which walls shall be made of rat-proof material or of concrete, stone, or brick laid in cement or mortar, and each wall shall be not less than 6 inches thick and shall extend into and below the surface of the surrounding ground at least 2 feet and shall extend not less than 1 foot above the surface of said floor; provided that wooden removable gratings may be laid on such concrete floors in such parts of such buildings, superstructures, and outhouses as are used exclusively as sales departments, provided that wooden flooring may be laid over the concrete wherever the intervening space between such flooring and the concrete shall not exceed one-half inch; provided further that any sleepers that are sunk into the concrete shall be creosoted. Class B.—All accidental and unnecessary spaces and holes, ventilators, and other openings other than doors and windows in every building, outhouse or other superstructure in the city of ————, shall be closed with cement, mortar, or other material impervious to rats or screened with wire having not more than one-half inch mesh, as the case may require, and all wall spaces shall be closed with cement, mortar, or other material impervious to rats, which closure shall extend the full thickness of the wall and shall extend upward at least twelve inches above the floor level, and the whole in such manner as to prevent the ingress or egress of rats; or the ingress or egress of rats from such double wall or space may be prevented by protecting the junction of said wall with the floor or other wall with metal flashing of galvanized iron of 28 or 30 gauge, provided that where such double wall is open beneath or is in communication with foundations of the house that said opening shall be effectively closed or said junction with foundations flashed with metal as provided above: Provided, That in all buildings, outhouses, and other superstructures of class A and in all stables where there are any spaces in walls between the wall proper and the covering on same, or in ceilings between the ceiling and floor, or other ceiling covering above, said spaces shall be eliminated by the removal of said covering, or so closed with cement, mortar or other material impervious to rats as to prevent the ingress or egress of rats: Provided, That all such wall spaces shall be closed with cement, mortar, or other material impervious to rats, which closure shall extend the full thickness of the wall and shall extend upward at least twelve inches above the floor level. « 22 » [3]