Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences by Greta J. Orris1 and Richard I. Grauch2 Open-File Report 02-189 2002 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1 U.S. Geological Survey, 520 N. Park Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719 2 U.S. Geological Survey, MS 973, Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 3 DATA DESCRIPTION ......................................................................... 3 REFERENCES ........................................................................................10 TABLES Table 1. Rare earth mineral codes and associated mineral names.......................................................................................6 Table 2. Non-rare earth mineral codes and associated mineral names....................................................................... 7 Table 3. Other abbreviations and acronyms used in this report. 8 APPENDICES Appendix A. REE deposits....................................................... 27 2 INTRODUCTION Data on rare earth (including yttrium) mines, deposits, and occurrences were compiled as part of an effort by the USGS and the University of Arizona Center for Mineral Resources to summarize current knowledge on the supply and demand outlook and related topics for this group of elements. Economic competition and environmental concerns are increasingly constraining the mining and processing of rare earths from the Mountain Pass mine in California. For many years, the deposit at Mountain Pass was the world's dominant source of rare earth elements and the United States was essentially self-sufficient. Starting approximately 10 years ago, the U.S. has become increasingly dependent (> 90 percent of separated rare earths) upon imports from China, now the dominant source of rare earths. Knowledge of the known economic and non- economic sources of rare earths is basic to evaluating the outlook for rare earth supply and associated issues. DATA DESCRIPTION Data on rare earth mines, deposits, and occurrences were collected from a variety of sources, including: databases of the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies; published literature; gray literature and unpublished data and compilations; and company, institute, and government websites. Data on rare earth occurrences were included in the compilation along with mines and deposits of known economic potential to better reflect the geologic spectrum of rare earth element concentration. Many of the occurrences have not been well studied and the economic potential is not really known. Throughout this report and the accompanying data tables, the following abbreviations are used: RE- rare earths; REE- rare earth elements; REO- rare earth oxides. For most of the deposits, the rare earths include yttrium. For a few deposits, yttrium is considered separately because it was treated separately in the literature. The compilation of rare earth mines, deposits, and occurrences may be found in Appendix A. 3 Data collected for this report include the following fields: Deposit type Deposit or district name Location information: Country State or province Latitude and longitude Source of location information Resource information Tonnage/grade Source of data Production status Mineralogy Rare earth minerals Other ore/significant minerals Gangue/rock-forming minerals Geochronology Age (method, material) Host rock Company Comments References The rare earth occurrences were initially classified into the following deposit types: carbonatites, carbonatites with residual enrichment, alkaline igneous complexes, hydrothermal iron-oxide deposits, deposits hosted by metamorphic rocks, shoreline placer deposits, alluvial placer deposits, paleoplacers, ion adsorption weathering crusts, phosphorites, uranium deposits, and "Other", a miscellaneous and unkown deposits category. To decrease the number of deposits classified as "Other", the following categories were added: other igneous-affiliated deposits (including pegmatites and veins) and placers of unkown origin. In addition, subcategories were used within the "Other" category for deposits of known deposit type, but with too few rare earth occurrences to justify a separate category. Sub-categories within "Other" include: 4 bauxite and laterite-hosted and those affiliated with fluorspar and lead deposits of various origins. Within each deposit type, the mines, deposits, and occurrences are listed alphabetically. The deposit or district name field contains the most common name used in the literature for a given mine, deposit, or district/area. Common alternate names and spellings are shown in parentheses. Location information for each site includes country name, state or province name, latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes where available, and a reference for the location information. Most location information was taken from published sources and no effort was made to verify its accuracy. Some province information and latitudes/longitudes were determined using location descriptions and online gazetteers such as those operated by United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency (http://164.214.2.59/nimahome.html) and the Australian National Mapping Agency (http://www.auslig.gov.au/). A minimal amount of resource information is provided in 3 fields: resource tonnage/grade, source, and production status. Published tonnage and grade data are listed with different estimates separated by semicolons; the source(s) of the information are separated by semicolons to correspond with the resource figures. For the most part, this information represents geologic estimates. If the grades and tonnages in this field are known to be other than geologic estimates, that information is noted. The reader should know that for most resource estimates, the grade for REE or REO includes yttrium, if not, the yttrium grade will be listed separately. Most of the sites in this compilation are occurrences of rare earths. Other designations in the production status field include active producer, by product rare earth (RE) producer, past producer, and potential producer. This field is left blank if no information or conflicting information was given in the source document(s). The next three fields describe the mineralogy of the site. Minerals known to be, or reported to be, rare earth-bearing are listed in the "RE Mineralogy" field. To help keep the size of the table compact, abbreviations are used for the mineral names; these abbreviations may be found in table 1. Ore & other significant minerals and gangue & rock-forming minerals of interest are found in the fields 5 Table 1. Rare earth mineral codes and associated mineral names. Code Mineral Name Code Mineral Name Code Mineral Name aes aeschynite flor florencite par parisite all allanite fcer fluocerite prv perovskite ana anatase fapa fluorapatite ppyro plumbopyroclore anc ancylite flu fluorite pcra polycrase apa apatite for formanite plit polylithionite ast astrophyllite gad gadolinite pyro pyrochlore bad baddeleyite gag gagarinite rhab rhabdophane bpyro bariopyrochlore git gittinsite rink rinkite bas bastnäsite gor gorceixite ros rosenbuschite bran brannerite goy goyazite sah sahamalite bri britholite hel hellandite sam samarskite bro brockite hing hingganite ste steenstrupine bur burbankite hua huanghoite stil stillwellite ccer carbocernaite hapa hydroxlapatite syn synchysite cay caysichite iim iimoriite teng tengerite cer cerianite joa joaquinite tha thalenite cpyro ceriopyrochlore kai kainosite thor thorite crt cerite kam kamphaugite tit titanite che chevkinite kar karnasurtite ves vesuvianite chu churchite kei keiviite who wöhlerite coll collophane kul kuliokite xen xenotime col columbite lav lavenite ytt yttrialite cor cordylite Les lessingite ytan yttrotantalite cran crandallite lpha leucophanite zirk zirkelite daq daqingshanite lop loparite dav davidite lov lovchorrite eud eudialyte lue lueshite eux euxenite mis miserite ferg fergusonite mon monazite fers fersmite mos mosandrite following the rare earth mineralogy. The mineral names for the abbreviations used in these fields may be found in table 2. Age of mineralization, age date method and (or) material, and host rock are the other fields containing geologic information. The age field contains a generalized geologic age classification and (or) a numeric age. If there is a numeric age, any data on the method, mineral, and rock source used to determine that age will be in the adjacent field. For instance, if a date was determined using K-Ar (method) on phlogopite (mineral or material) from carbonatite (rock source), "(K-Ar, phlo, carbonatite)" will follow the numeric age. 6 Table 2. Non-rare earth mineral codes and associated mineral names. Code Mineral Code Mineral Code Mineral act actinolite cbe chrysoberyl hem hematite aeg aegirine cin cinnabar hin hinsdalite aen aenigmatite cly clay hrt hiortdahlite agr agrellite chum clinohumite hol hollandite alb albite cof coffinite horn hornblende ama amazonite coll collophane hapa hydroxlapatite amph amphibole col columbite ilm ilmenite anl analcime crn corundum irut ilmenorutile ana anatase cran crandallite inn innelite anhy anhydrite croc crocidolite iso isokite ank ankerite cry cryolite kao kaolinite ann annite cub cubanite kat katophorite ano anorthoclase daw dawsonite kup kupletskite apa apatite dia diamond kya kyanite arag aragonite dsp diaspore lab labuntsovite arf arfvedsonite dio diopside lam lamprophyllite arm armstrongite dol dolomite lat latrappite apy arsenopyrite edi edingtonite lav lavenite ast astrophyllite elp elpidite lei leifite aug augite epd epididymite leu leucoxene azu azurite epi epidote lim limonite bad baddeleyite eps epistolite lom lomonosovite bpyro bariopyrochlore eud eudidymite lor lorenzenite bar barite fay fayalite lovo lovozerite bry barylite fld feldspar lue lueshite bert bertrandite fed ferro-edenite lus lusungite beta betafite fer fersmanite mgs magnesite bio biotite fapa fluorapatite mag magnetite bis bismuthinite flu fluorite mal malachite boh böhmite fers fersmite mar marcasite bor bornite frs forsterite mrt martite bran brannerite gah gahnite mel melanite brk brookite gal galena mll melilite cah cahnite gar garnet mica mica cal calcite grg georgechaoite mcc microcline can cancrinite gib gibbsite mlyb molybdenite car carbonate git gittinsite mnt monticellite cas cassiterite gla glaucophane mont montmorillonite cata catapleiite goe goethite mur murmanite cel celestite got götzenite musc muscovite crs cerussite goy goyazite nah nahcolite cld chalcedony gra graphite nar narsarsukite ccc chalcocite grn garnierite nat natrolite cpy chalcopyrite gyp gypsum nnb natroniobite chk chkalovite has hastingsite nep neptunite chl chlorite hau hauyne neph nepheline cho chondrodite hed hedenbergite nphy niobophyllite chr chromite hlv helvite nio niocalite 7 Table 2. (cont'd). Code Mineral Code Mineral Code Mineral ok okaite rink rinkite thor thorite olig oligoclase ros rosenbuschite tgum thorogummite oliv olivine rut rutile tit titanite omph omphacite sam samarskite top topaz orth orthoclase san sanadine tour tourmaline pkel parakeldyshite sca scapolite trem tremolite pec pectolite sch scheelite uran uraninite pent pentlandite sel sellaite uph uranophane prv perovskite srn serandite val valleriite phe phenakite src sericite van vanadinite phlo phlogopite ser serpentine var variscite plit polylithionite sid siderite vrm vermiculite pow powellite sil sillimanite vil villiaumite pyr pyrite sod sodalite viv vivianite pyro pyrochlore sph sphalerite vla vlasovite plus pyrolusite snn stannite wag wagnerite prym pryomorphite sta staurolite wav wavellite pph pyrophanite sti stibnite wlf wolframite pyx pyroxene str strontianite wol wollastonite pyrh pyrrhotite sva svanbergite wul wulfenite qtz quartz tae taeniolite zeo zeolite rho rhodonite tan tantalite zir zircon rich richterite tet tetrahedrite zoi zoisite rie riebeckite thrn thorianite Table 3. Other abbreviations and acronyms used in this report. Abbreviation/ Acronym Explanation ABMRGG Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics ama as much as ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific HM heavy mineral(s) HREE heavy rare earth elements LREE light rare earth elements Ma million years MASMILS Mineral Availability System, Mineral Information Locator System MRDS Mineral Resources Data System Mt millions of metric tons NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency RE rare earth(s) REE rare earth elements REO rare earth oxides, undifferentiated USGS U.S. Geological Survey 8 Host rock contains a description of the host rock for the mineralization and may contain the age of the host rock if it is different from the age of mineralization The remaining fields in the data compilation list the owner/operator (Company) of the site, additional commentary on the site (Comments), and the references used to compile the data in the table (References). Data in the comments field may include location, geologic, or economic information. If a deposit's classification is uncertain, that information will also be listed in the comments field. 9 REFERENCES Aarden, H.M., 1978, Aspectos geoquimicos del prospecto del Cerro Impacto, Estado Bolivar (Geochemical prospecting of Cerro Impacto, State of Bolivar, presentation at the Secundo Congreso Latin-American de Geologia, Caracas,Venezuela, Nov. 11-16, 1973 [abs.]: Bolletin de Geologia Publicacion Especial 7, tomo V, p. 3899-3900. Abbott, A.T., 1954, Monazite deposits in calcareous rocks, northern Lemhi County, Idaho: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Pamphlet 99, 24 p. Abdullah, Sh., Chmyriov, V.M., Stazhilo-Alekseev, K.F., Dronov, V.I., Gannan, P.J., Rossovskiy, L.N., Kafarskiy, A.Kh., and Malyarov, E.P., 1977, Mineral resources of Afghanistan (2nd edition): Kabul, Afghanistan, Republic of Afghanistan Geological and Mineral Survey, 419 p. Adrian, J., Winfield, G.M., Boshoff, Frans, and Bristow, J.W., 1989, Geochemical and mineralogical features of a RE-enriched zone within the Goudini carbonatite complex, Transvaal, South Africa: Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquimica, v. 2, p. 61-62. Alberti, A.. Castorina, F., Censi, P., Comin-Chiaramonti, P., and Gomes, C.B., 1999, Geochemical characteristics of Cretaceous carbonatites from Angola: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 735-759. Alkhazov, V.Yu., Atakishiyev, Z.M., and Azimi, N.A., 1978, Geology and mineralresources of the early Quaternary Khanneshin carbonatite volcano (southern Afghanistan): International Geology Review, v. 20, no. 3, p. 281- 285. Anderson, A.L., 1958, Uranium, thorium, columbium, and rare earth deposits in the Salmon region, Lemhi County, Idaho: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Pamphlet 115, 81 p. Angelelli, Victorio, Schalamuk, Isidoro, and Fernandez, Raul, 1980, Los yacimientos no metaliferos y rocas de aplicacion de la region Centro-Cuyo: Buenos Aires, Argentina Ministerio de Economia, Secretaria de Estado de Mineria Anales XIX, 261 p. Anstett, T.F., 1986, Availability of rare-earth, yttrium, and related thorium oxides - market economy countries: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9111, 19 p. Arab Organisation for Mineral Resources, 1987, Mineral deposit map of the Arab world-- Explantaory notes and maps: Rabat, Morocco, Arab Organisation for Mineral Resources, 430 p. Armbrustmacher, T.J., 1989, Minor element content, including radioactive elements and rare-earth elements, in rocks from the syenite complex at Roy Creek, Mount Prindel area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-146, 11p. Austin, S.R., Hetland, D.L., and Sharp, B.J., 1970, Mineralogy of the Lemhi Pass thorium and rare-earth deposits: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology Mineral Resources Report 11, 10 p. Azevedo Branco, P.C. de, 1984, Principais depósitos minerais: Conceitos, methodologia e listagem, in Schobbenhaus, Carlos, Campos, D. de A., Derze, G.R., Asmus, H.E., eds., Geologia do Brasil; texto explicativo do mapa 10