Related titles NanostructuredSemiconductorOxidesfortheNextGenerationofElectronicsand FunctionalDevices:PropertiesandApplications (ISBN978-1-78242-220-4) Graphene:Properties,Preparation,CharacterisationandDevices (ISBN978-0-85709-508-4) Silicon-On-Insulator(SOI)Technology (ISBN978-0-85709-526-8) Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials: Number 87 Rare Earth and Transition Metal Doping of Semiconductor Materials Synthesis, Magnetic Properties and Room Temperature Spintronics Edited by V. Dierolf, I.T. Ferguson, J.M. Zavada AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE(cid:129)HEIDELBERG LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. 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ISBN:978-0-08-100041-0(print) ISBN:978-0-08-100060-1(online) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ List of contributors H. Asahi Osaka University, Osaka,Japan S.M.Bedair NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh, NC,UnitedStates V. Dierolf LehighUniversity, Bethlehem, PA,United States S. Dong University ofNotreDame,NotreDame,IN, United States N.A. El-Masry North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States S. Emura Osaka University, Osaka, Japan I.T. Ferguson Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States Y. Fujiwara Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan T. Fukushima Osaka University, Osaka,Japan J.K. Furdyna University ofNotreDame,NotreDame, IN, UnitedStates S. Gupta Georgia Instituteof Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States S. Hasegawa OsakaUniversity, Osaka, Japan H.X.Jiang Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX,UnitedStates M.H. Kane Texas A&MUniversity, Galveston,TX, United States H. Katayama-Yoshida Osaka University, Osaka, Japan A. Koizumi Osaka University, Suita,Osaka, Japan V. Kumar Dr. Vijay Kumar Foundation, Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, India W.R.L. Lambrecht Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States J.Y. Lin Texas Tech University, Lubbock,TX, United States X. Liu University ofNotreDame, Notre Dame, IN, UnitedStates A. Masago Osaka University, Osaka, Japan x Listofcontributors G.D. Metcalfe U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi,MD, United States B. Mitchell University ofMount Union, Alliance, OH, United States N. Nepal U.S.NavalResearch Laboratory,Washington, DC, United States A. Ney Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria H. Ohta Kobe University, Kobe,Japan S. Okubo Kobe University, Kobe,Japan E.D. Readinger International Rectifier Corp., St.Paul,MN, United States K. Sato Osaka University, Osaka,Japan M. Seike OsakaUniversity, Osaka, Japan B.W. Wessels Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States N. Woodward Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States J.M.Zavada NYU TandonSchoolof Engineering,Brooklyn, NY, United States Y.K.Zhou Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials 1 Circuitanalysis J.E.Whitehouse 2 Signalprocessinginelectroniccommunications:Forengineersand mathematicians M.J.Chapman,D.P.GoodallandN.C.Steele 3 Patternrecognitionandimageprocessing D.Luo 4 Digitalfiltersandsignalprocessinginelectronicengineering:Theory, applications,architecture,code S.M.BozicandR.J.Chance 5 Cableengineeringforlocalareanetworks B.J.Elliott 6 DesigningastructuredcablingsystemtoISO11801:Cross-referenced toEuropeanCENELECandAmericanStandards Secondedition B.J.Elliott 7 Microscopytechniquesformaterialsscience A.ClarkeandC.Eberhardt 8 Materialsforenergyconversiondevices EditedbyC.C.Sorrell,J.NowotnyandS.Sugihara 9 Digitalimageprocessing:Mathematicalandcomputationalmethods Secondedition J.M.Blackledge 10 Nanolithographyandpatterningtechniquesinmicroelectronics EditedbyD.Bucknall 11 Digitalsignalprocessing:Mathematicalandcomputationalmethods, softwaredevelopmentandapplications Secondedition J.M.Blackledge 12 Handbookofadvanceddielectric,piezoelectricandferroelectricmaterials: Synthesis,propertiesandapplications EditedbyZ.-G.Ye 13 Materialsforfuelcells EditedbyM.Gasik 14 Solid-statehydrogenstorage:Materialsandchemistry EditedbyG.Walker 15 Lasercoolingofsolids S.V.PetrushkinandV.V.Samartsev xii WoodheadPublishingSeriesinElectronicandOpticalMaterials 16 Polymerelectrolytes:Fundamentalsandapplications EditedbyC.A.C.SequeiraandD.A.F.Santos 17 Advancedpiezoelectricmaterials:Scienceandtechnology EditedbyK.Uchino 18 Opticalswitches:Materialsanddesign EditedbyS.J.ChuaandB.Li 19 Advancedadhesivesinelectronics:Materials,propertiesandapplications EditedbyM.O.AlamandC.Bailey 20 Thinfilmgrowth:Physics,materialsscienceandapplications EditedbyZ.Cao 21 Electromigrationinthinfilmsandelectronicdevices:Materialsandreliability EditedbyC.-U.Kim 22 Insitucharacterizationofthinfilmgrowth EditedbyG.KosterandG.Rijnders 23 Silicon-germanium(SiGe)nanostructures:Production,propertiesand applicationsinelectronics EditedbyY.ShirakiandN.Usami 24 High-temperaturesuperconductors EditedbyX.G.Qiu 25 Introductiontothephysicsofnanoelectronics S.G.TanandM.B.A.Jalil 26 Printedfilms:Materialsscienceandapplicationsinsensors,electronics andphotonics EditedbyM.PrudenziatiandJ.Hormadaly 27 Lasergrowthandprocessingofphotonicdevices EditedbyN.A.Vainos 28 Quantumopticswithsemiconductornanostructures EditedbyF.Jahnke 29 Ultrasonictransducers:Materialsanddesignforsensors,actuators andmedicalapplications EditedbyK.Nakamura 30 Wasteelectricalandelectronicequipment(WEEE)handbook EditedbyV.GoodshipandA.Stevels 31 ApplicationsofATILAFEMsoftwaretosmartmaterials:Casestudies indesigningdevices EditedbyK.UchinoandJ.-C.Debus 32 MEMSforautomotiveandaerospaceapplications EditedbyM.KraftandN.M.White 33 Semiconductorlasers:Fundamentalsandapplications EditedbyA.BaranovandE.Tournie 34 Handbookofterahertztechnologyforimaging,sensingandcommunications EditedbyD.Saeedkia 35 Handbookofsolid-statelasers:Materials,systemsandapplications EditedbyB.DenkerandE.Shklovsky 36 Organiclight-emittingdiodes(OLEDs):Materials,devicesandapplications EditedbyA.Buckley 37 Lasersformedicalapplications:Diagnostics,therapyandsurgery EditedbyH.Jelínkov(cid:1)a WoodheadPublishingSeriesinElectronicandOpticalMaterials xiii 38 Semiconductorgassensors EditedbyR.JaanisoandO.K.Tan 39 Handbook of organic materials for optical and (opto)electronic devices: Properties andapplications EditedbyO.Ostroverkhova 40 Metallicfilmsforelectronic,opticalandmagneticapplications:Structure, processingandproperties EditedbyK.BarmakandK.Coffey 41 Handbookoflaserweldingtechnologies EditedbyS.Katayama 42 Nanolithography: The art of fabricating nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices andsystems EditedbyM.Feldman 43 Laserspectroscopyforsensing:Fundamentals,techniquesandapplications EditedbyM.Baudelet 44 Chalcogenideglasses:Preparation,propertiesandapplications EditedbyJ.-L.AdamandX.Zhang 45 HandbookofMEMSforwirelessandmobileapplications EditedbyD.Uttamchandani 46 Subseaopticsandimaging EditedbyJ.WatsonandO.Zielinski 47 Carbonnanotubesandgrapheneforphotonicapplications EditedbyS.Yamashita,Y.SaitoandJ.H.Choi 48 Opticalbiomimetics:Materialsandapplications EditedbyM.Large 49 Opticalthinfilmsandcoatings EditedbyA.PiegariandF.Flory 50 Computerdesignofdiffractiveoptics EditedbyV.A.Soifer 51 SmartsensorsandMEMS:Intelligentdevicesandmicrosystemsforindustrial applications EditedbyS.NihtianovandA.Luque 52 Fundamentalsoffemtosecondoptics S.A.KozlovandV.V.Samartsev 53 Nanostructuredsemiconductoroxidesforthenextgenerationofelectronics andfunctionaldevices:Propertiesandapplications S.Zhuiykov 54 Nitridesemiconductorlight-emittingdiodes(LEDs):Materials,technologies andapplications EditedbyJ.J.Huang,H.C.KuoandS.C.Shen 55 Sensortechnologiesforcivilinfrastructures Volume1:Sensinghardwareanddatacollectionmethodsforperformance assessment EditedbyM.Wang,J.LynchandH.Sohn 56 Sensortechnologiesforcivilinfrastructures Volume2:Applicationsinstructuralhealthmonitoring EditedbyM.Wang,J.LynchandH.Sohn 57 Graphene:Properties,preparation,characterisationanddevices EditedbyV.Sk(cid:1)akalov(cid:1)aandA.B.Kaiser xiv WoodheadPublishingSeriesinElectronicandOpticalMaterials 58 Silicon-on-insulator(SOI)technology EditedbyO.KononchukandB.-Y.Nguyen 59 Biologicalidentification:DNAamplificationandsequencing,optical sensing,lab-on-chipandportablesystems EditedbyR.P.Schaudies 60 Highperformancesiliconimaging:FundamentalsandapplicationsofCMOS andCCDsensors EditedbyD.Durini 61 Nanosensorsforchemicalandbiologicalapplications:Sensingwith nanotubes,nanowiresandnanoparticles EditedbyK.C.Honeychurch 62 Compositemagnetoelectrics:Materials,structures,andapplications G.Srinivasan,S.PriyaandN.Sun 63 Quantuminformationprocessingwithdiamond:Principlesandapplications EditedbyS.PrawerandI.Aharonovich 64 Advancesinnon-volatilememoryandstoragetechnology EditedbyY.Nishi 65 Lasersurfaceengineering:Processesandapplications EditedbyJ.Lawrence,C.Dowding,D.WaughandJ.Griffiths 66 Powerultrasonics:Applicationsofhigh-intensityultrasound EditedbyJ.A.Gallego-Ju(cid:1)arezandK.F.Graff 67 Advancesindelay-tolerantnetworks(DTNs):Architectures,routingand challenges EditedbyJ.J.P.C.Rodrigues 68 Handbookofflexibleorganicelectronics:Materials,manufacturingand applications EditedbyS.Logothetidis 69 Machine-to-machine(M2M)communications:Architecture,performanceand applications EditedbyC.Anton-HaroandM.Dohler 70 Ecologicaldesignofsmarthomenetworks:Technologies,socialimpactand sustainability EditedbyN.SaitoandD.Menga 71 Industrialtomography:Systemsandapplications EditedbyM.Wang 72 Vehicularcommunicationsandnetworks:Architectures,protocols,operation anddeployment EditedbyW.Chen 73 Modeling,characterizationandproductionofnanomaterials:Electronics, photonicsandenergyapplications EditedbyV.TewaryandY.Zhang 74 Reliabilitycharacterisationofelectricalandelectronicsystems EditedbyJ.Swingler 75 Industrialwirelesssensornetworks:Monitoring,controlandautomation EditedbyR.BudampatiandS.Kolavennu 76 Epitaxialgrowthofcomplexmetaloxides EditedbyG.Koster,M.HuijbenandG.Rijnders 77 Semiconductornanowires:Materials,synthesis,characterizationandapplications EditedbyJ.ArbiolandQ.Xiong WoodheadPublishingSeriesinElectronicandOpticalMaterials xv 78 Superconductorsinthepowergrid EditedbyC.Rey 79 Optofluidics,sensorsandactuatorsinmicrostructuredopticalfibres EditedbyS.Pissadakis 80 Magneticnano-andmicrowires:Design,synthesis,propertiesandapplications EditedbyM.V(cid:1)azquez 81 Robustdesignofmicroelectronicassembliesagainstmechanicalshock, temperatureandmoisture E.-H.WongandY.-W.Mai 82 Biomimetictechnologies:Principlesandapplications EditedbyT.D.Ngo 83 Directedself-assemblyofblockco-polymersfornano-manufacturing EditedbyR.GronheidandP.Nealey 84 Photodetectors EditedbyB.Nabet 85 Fundamentalsandapplicationsofnanophotonics EditedbyJ.Haus 86 Advancesinchemicalmechanicalplanarization(CMP) EditedbyS.Babu 87 Rareearthandtransitionmetaldopingofsemiconductormaterials:Synthesis, magneticpropertiesandroomtemperaturespintronics EditedbyV.Dierolf,I.T.FergusonandJ.M.Zavada