Railway Development Impactson Urban Dynamics · Frank Bruinsma Eric Pels · Hugo Priemus Piet Rietveld Bert van Wee Editors Railway Development Impacts on Urban Dynamics Physica-Verlag ASpringerCompany Dr.FrankBruinsma Prof.Dr.HugoPriemus Dr.EricPels Prof.Dr.BertvanWee Prof.Dr.PietRietveld DelftUniversityofTechnology FreeUniversityofAmsterdam FacultyofTechnology, DepartmentofSpatialEconomics PolicyandManagement DeBoelelaan1105 P.O.Box5015 1081HVAmsterdam 2600GADelft TheNetherlands TheNetherlands [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ISBN 978-3-7908-1971-7 e-ISBN 978-3-7908-1972-4 DOI10.1007/978-3-7908-1972-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007936545 (cid:2)c 2008Physica-VerlagHeidelberg Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965,initscurrent version,andpermissionforusemustalways beobtained fromPhysica-Verlag. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Production:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig Cover-design:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper 987654321 springer.com Preface The revitalisation of railway station areas has been a hot issue in policy making in Europe in recent years. The introduction of two new railway systems - the high speed train and light rail systems - has pushed forward the redevelopment of not only railway stations themselves, but also of their - in many cases deteriorated - direct surroundings. Examples of revitalisa- tion of railway station areas can be found throughout Europe, for example in countries like England (Liverpool), France (Euralille), Germany (Berlin) and the Netherlands (Amsterdam South Axis). The dynamics of revitalisa- tion of railway station areas can best be understood by combining the in- sights of several disciplines; economics, and spatial sciences being the most important disciplines. This book therefore addresses the subject from a multi-disciplinary perspective. Railway station area redevelopment projects try to cope with the in- creased lack of interoperability and interconnectivity between infrastruc- tures and boost the local/regional economy by creating a new high quality multifunctional urban landscape at the same time. At present, the initial outcomes with the transformation of deteriorated railway station areas into modern mixed office, shopping and residential areas stems hopeful, but what are the prospects of those redeveloped areas? Most of the papers contained in this volume were presented at the spe- cial session “Railway stations and urban dynamics” of the 45th conference of the European Regional Science Association (ERSA) held in Amster- dam, the Netherlands during August 2005. There was a special reason for this session during the conference. In the Netherlands several scientific re- search programs, co-funded by the Dutch government, were directed to- wards this topic of railway station development and urban dynamics. These programs were Connect-NWO program “Railway stations: inter- faces between railway network developments and urban dynamics”, Tran- sumo (TRANsition SUstainable MObility) and the BSIK programs “Next generation infrastructures” and “Innovative Land Use”. In those programs researchers of several universities participated to assure a multidisciplinary perspective. The conference offered a ideal platform to disseminate the re- sults of the research programs to a broader audience. Moreover, the special session was open for presentations from authors not involved in one of the vi Preface programs. By this the scope of the research extended from a Dutch to a European perspective. Financial support of the programs made it possible to organise the special session and to edit this manuscript. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Sue Davis has assisted in improving the lan- guage of non-English speaking authors. We thank her for efficient and conscientious work. Amsterdam July 2007 Frank Bruinsma Eric Pels Hugo Priemus Piet Rietveld Bert van Wee Contents Preface 1 The impact of railway development on urban 1 dynamics Frank Bruinsma, Eric Pels, Hugo Priemus, Piet Rietveld and Bert van Wee Part A: Setting the scene 2 Urban dynamics and transport infrastructure: 15 Towards greater synergy Hugo Priemus 3 Station areas as nodes and places in urban 35 networks: An analytical tool and alternative development strategies Luca Bertolini 4 HST stations and urban dynamics: Experiences 59 from four European cities Peter Pol 5 What makes a city: Urban quality in Euralille, 79 Amsterdam South Axis and Rotterdam Central Jan Jacob Trip 6 New Key Projects for station redevelopment in 101 the Netherlands Stan Majoor and Dick Schuiling 7 A multidisciplinary approach of railway station 125 development: A case study of ‘s-Hertogenbosch Gert-Joost Peek and Erik Louw viii Contents Part B: Evaluation studies 8 Ex ante evaluation of railway station 147 development projects: Issues still to be solved Piet Rietveld and Bert van Wee 9 Multicriteria analysis of a high-speed railway 171 station area development project Ron Vreeker 10 Cost-benefit analysis of railway station area 191 development: The case of Amsterdam South Axis Carel Eijgenraam and Ioulia Ossokina 11 Measuring the WTP for shopping facilities 213 around railway stations Thomas de Graaff and Caroline Rodenburg Part C: High-speed rail and urban dynamics 12 The impact of high-speed railway developments 237 on office locations: A scenario study approach Jasper Willigers 13 The effect of railway stations on office space 265 rent levels: The implication of HSL South in station Amsterdam South Axis Ghebreegziabiher Debrezion and Jasper Willigers 14 Regional high-speed trains on the Svealand line: 295 Evaluation of effects Oskar Froïdh and Bo-Lennart Nelldal 15 Rail pricing and the supply of complementary 315 commercial goods Eric Pels, Erik Louw and Jan Jacob Trip Contents ix Part D: Light rail and urban dynamics 16 Rail system development and urban 337 transformations: Towards a spatial decision support system Enrica Papa, Francesca Pagliara and Luca Bertolini 17 Rail-transit and real estate values in a polycentric 359 city: A theoretic simulation approach Daniel Gat 18 Land use variables in trip generation models: 385 The case of the light rail transit in Tel Aviv Avigail Ferdman, Daniel Shefer and Shlomo Bekhor Contributors 415 1 The impact of railway development on urban dynamics Frank Bruinsma, Eric Pels and Piet Rietveld Department of Spatial Economics, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Hugo Priemus and Bert van Wee Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands 1.1 Introduction This book addresses the role of railways in urban development. Our central aim is to inquire into how the renaissance of railways since the end of the 20th century (especially the development of high-speed rail and light rail links) will affect European cities. The analyses are carried out with special attention given to the broader institutional environment of the railway sys- tem, including the shift toward privatised railway companies, internation- alisation, the occurrence of market and government failures in land mar- kets, and private-public partnerships in the development of railway station areas. Spatial developments over the past decades indicate a trend towards a more diffuse settlement pattern usually defined as urban sprawl. In a num- ber of countries national policies were set out to explicitly counter sprawl, but in most, sprawl has become pervasive (see Brueckner 2000 for a dis- cussion on the seriousness of urban sprawl). An important instrument used to counter urban sprawl has been the development of new towns with ade- quate rail connections to major cities. This has indeed led to the focussed development of residential areas in the regions, but it had a sometimes negative impact on the growth of the existing larger cities.