G O D S o f M E D I E VA L JA PA N 3 Rage and Ravage BERNARD FAURE RAGE AND RAVAGE GODS OF MEDIEVAL JAPAN Volume 1 The Fluid Pantheon Volume 2 Protectors and Predators Volume 3 Rage and Ravage GODS of MEDIEVAL JAPAN VOLUME 3 RAGE AND RAVAGE BERNARD FAURE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I PRESS HONOLULU © 2022 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in Canada 27 26 25 24 23 22 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Faure, Bernard, author. Gods of medieval Japan / Bernard Faure. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-3933-8 volume 1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Buddhist gods—Japan. 2. Buddhism—Japan—History—1185–1600. 3. Japan—Religion—1185–1600. I. Title. BQ4660.J3F38 2015 294.3’42110952—dc23 2014046113 Volume 3, Rage and Ravage ISBN 978-0-8248-8624-0 (cloth : alk. paper) Publication of this book has been assisted by grants from the following: Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai Frances Wu and Paul Yin, C-BEAR Monographs Publication Subvention, Columbia University University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by Mardee Melton For Dominique CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Preamble 1 Buddhism and Its Demons 1 Demon or Daemon? 4 Have We Forgotten Evil? 5 Synopsis 6 1. Sympathy for the Devils 13 Theoretical Approaches 13 Heart of Darkness 14 Demons and Outcasts 16 Much-maligned Monsters 17 Buddhist Responses 21 Taxing Taxonomies 21 Demonology and Epidemiology 22 Demon Hordes and Demon Lords 23 Form and Formlessness 24 Protectors and Predators 25 Handling Demons 25 The Māravijaya 26 Ruthless Compassion? 30 Demons of Obstacles 31 Codetta 31 2. The Demonic World 33 Problems of Method 34 Reductionist Approaches 36 The Historical Context(s) 38 The Ritual Scenario 41 The Actors/Agents 42 Shikigami and gohō 42 Spells, Curses, Imprecations 43 The Mechanism of the Exorcism 45 The Ritual Means 47 Empowerment 49 Codetta 50 vii viii CONTENTS 3. Demonologies 51 Esoteric Buddhism and Exorcism 51 Indian Buddhist Demonology 52 Hārītī, the Mother of Demons 56 Chinese Buddhist Demonology 62 Japanese Demonology 64 From onryō to goryō 66 The Case of Michizane 68 The oni 73 The hyakki yagyō 74 The tengu 79 Māra and māras 84 Ryōgen, the Great Horned Master 86 Malignant Foxes 89 The Hekija-e 94 Codetta 105 4. Like an Evil Wind—Gozu Tennō 107 The Mythological Persona 111 The Gion Gozu Tennō engi 112 The Hoki naiden 113 The Shintō shū 115 Gozu Tennō in the saimon 115 The Shimawatari saimon 116 Other Sources 117 Iconographic Representations 119 Cultic Sites 123 The Hiromine Tradition 124 The Gion Tradition 125 The Tsushima Tradition 125 A Demon’s Family Romance 127 Gozu Tennō’s Entourage 130 An Arena of Contention 134 From Bull to Ox 136 The Ritual Context 139 Material Aspects of the Cult 140 Codetta 145 5. The Road to Excess—Susanoo 150 The “Ancient” Susanoo 151 The Medieval Susanoo 156 Susanoo in the Urabe Tradition 157 The Sword Motif 159 Susanoo at Izumo and Hinomisaki 160 Susanoo at Atsuta Shrine 163 Susanoo’s Network 165 Susanoo and Shinra Myōjin 169 Allegorical Interpretations 174 Codetta 176 CONTENTS ix 6. The Little Lords 179 The gohō dōji 188 Kirime Ōji 190 Shuten Dōji 193 Oto Gohō 199 Jūzenji, the Warp and Woof of Tendai 205 Oracles and Possession 205 Origin Story 206 Iconography 207 Names and honji 212 Jūzenji as Landowner Deity 215 Jūzenji as Divine Youth 215 Jūzenji’s Network 216 Uhō Dōji 218 Codetta 221 7. Furor and Mystery—Kōjin 225 A Native Deity? 227 Etymology: araburu kami 228 I. The Buddhist Kōjin (Sanbō Kōjin) 230 The Demon of Obstacles 233 The Kōjin engi 234 Local Traditions 235 A Kōjin for All 239 Kōjin Rituals 240 Iconography 241 Kōjin’s Network 250 Shōten 250 Benzaiten and Ugajin 254 Jūzenji 255 Kōjin and the Wish-fulfilling Jewel 256 Nagyō Tosajin 257 From Demon to God 258 Allegorical Interpretations 259 II. Kōjin in Local Religion 262 The Chthonian and Territorial Kōjin 263 Kōjin in the Izanagi-ryū 265 Kōjin and the Stove God 266 The Earth Deity 267 Appearance and Gender 270 Allegorical Interpretations 272 Chthonian Myths 273 Codetta 275 8. The Return of the Native 278 Buddhism and Local Gods 282 Crossroads Deities 284 Three Types of dōsojin 285 Myths of Origins 287