Radiology of Orthopedic Implants Sanjeev Agarwal Gaurav Jyoti Bansal Editors 123 Radiology of Orthopedic Implants Sanjeev Agarwal · Gaurav Jyoti Bansal Editors Radiology of Orthopedic Implants Editors Sanjeev Agarwal Gaurav Jyoti Bansal Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics Cardiff and Vale University Health Board University Hospital of Wales Cardiff Cardiff United Kingdom United Kingdom ISBN 978-3-319-76007-0 ISBN 978-3-319-76009-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76009-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947387 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature, under the registered company Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Dedication To our parents—Rekha and Dev, Padam and Ramesh For all what you have done Preface The idea for this book owes its provenance to our weekly combined orthopae- dic–radiology multidisciplinary meetings. We realised that discussions around radiographs of orthopaedic implants were not accompanied with the usual adroitness of non-implant radiographs and scans. The array of orthopaedic implants is bewildering, to orthopaedic special- ists and radiologists alike, and continues to proliferate. Combining the his- torical implants, the range of metalwork used by orthopaedic surgeons is so extensive that it is near enough impossible to catalogue the features of all the implants ever used. The purpose of this book is to give the reader an insight into the radiologi- cal features of implants and to pick up any signs of impending failure. In many situations, the orthopaedic specialist who is familiar with the implant may be best placed to interpret the radiological findings. However, close working between radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons is of the essence. With increasing sub-specialisation in orthopaedics, a surgeon who operates on the knee may not be entirely comfortable with interpreting spine radio- graphs. Hence, the contributors to this book cover the whole range of ortho- paedic and radiological specialties. We hope this book helps improve interaction and promotes a common language between orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists. Sanjeev Agarwal Cardiff, UK Gaurav Jyoti Bansal vii Acknowledgement The authors are greatly indebted to the contributors of this book. Each of them is an expert in their chosen field, and despite their busy schedules, they kindly set time aside for this project. We are very grateful to Liz Pope and Julia Squarr from Springer for their support throughout the process. ix Contents 1 Introduction to Skeletal Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Gaurav Jyoti Bansal and Vineet Bhat 2 Hip Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Sridhar Kamath, Sanjeev Agarwal, and Ashish Mahendra 3 Knee Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Sanjeev Agarwal, Mark Forster, and Gaurav Jyoti Bansal 4 Shoulder Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Timothy Matthews and Devdutt Neogi 5 Foot and Ankle Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Anthony Perera, Monier Hossain, and Faiz Khan 6 Spinal Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Sashin Ahuja, Kiran Lingutla, and Abdul Gaffar Dudhniwala 7 Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Juliet Clutton and James Lewis 8 Hand and Wrist Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Tamsin Wilkinson, Ryan Trickett, and Carlos Heras-Palou 9 Radionuclide Imaging of Skeletal Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Vetri Sudar Jayaprakasam and Patrick Fielding Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 xi List of Contributors Sanjeev Agarwal University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Sashin Ahuja University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Gaurav Jyoti Bansal Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK Vineet Bhat University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Juliet Clutton University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Abdul Gaffar Dudhniwala University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Patrick Fielding University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Mark Forster University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Carlos Heras-Palou Pulvertaft Hand Centre, Derby, UK Monier Hossain Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Wirral, UK Vetri Sudar Jayaprakasam University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Sridhar Kamath University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Faiz Khan University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK James Lewis University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Kiran Lingutla University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Ashish Mahendra Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK Timothy Matthews University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Devdutt Neogi University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Anthony Perera University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Ryan Trickett University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Tamsin Wilkinson University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK xiii 1 Introduction to Skeletal Radiology Gaurav Jyoti Bansal and Vineet Bhat Orthopaedic surgery has developed tremendously lected in an animal bladder and administered over the last 100 years. through a wooden tube. Wells had his own tooth Many developments in associated specialities extraction to prove its safety. have resulted in a significant change to the prac- Subsequently, a demonstration was organised tice of orthopaedic surgery. Three of these mile- in 1815 at the Massachusetts General Hospital in stones were the development of anaesthesia, Boston by Horace Wells. The patient was William asepsis and radiology. Before considering the Morton, also a dentist. However, the gas was not development of orthopaedics, it is befitting to administered properly and failed to produce the consider these three disciplines. desired effect. Diethyl ether, commonly known as ether, had been used by Crawford Long in 1842 for general anaesthesia, but this was not Development of Anaesthesia publicised. Morton continued the search for a suitable The first impetus to surgery came from the devel- anaesthetic agent and tried using ether on himself opment of anaesthesia, which initiated following and his assistants. In 1846, in the same operating the discovery of nitrous oxide by Joseph Priestley theatre, ether was used by William Morton as an in 1772. Nitrous oxide was initially used for rec- anaesthetic for removal of a tumour from the reational purposes. In 1799, British chemist neck. An ether-soaked sponge was used, and the Humphrey Davy suggested that nitrous oxide patient inhaled through the sponge. The proce- could be used for anaesthesia, but the idea was dure was witnessed by medical professionals and not pursued, and nitrous oxide continued to be was successful. Anaesthesia gained rapidly in used as ‘laughing gas’. popularity. Horace Wells, a dentist in the Unites States, The administration of ether often led to vomit- used it for dental extractions and documented its ing in patients, and an alternative—chloroform— utility as a pain-relieving agent. The gas was col- was tried by James Simpson, an obstetrician in Edinburgh in 1847. This became popular and was widely used. In 1885, the anaesthesia machine G. J. Bansal (*) was patented. Improvements in equipment con- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, tinued to make the administration safer and reli- UK able. Intravenous anaesthetic agents were V. Bhat introduced in 1874, and spinal anaesthesia started University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK e-mail: [email protected] in the 1890s. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 1 S. Agarwal, G. J. Bansal (eds.), Radiology of Orthopedic Implants, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76009-4_1