ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM J. F. BOYLAND B. C. GODBOLD (Chairman) J. K. JONES F. LUCAS P. J. NESBITT-HAWES S. B. OSBORN H. C. TRESISE B. M. WHEATLEY E. J. WlGMORE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE S. J. DAGG I. DOUGALL B. C. GODBOLD (Chairman) G. F. HEAP J. K. JONES H. C. ORCHARD R. B. PEPPER SESSION EDITORS Session I G. F. HEAP Session II I. DOUGALL Session III R. B. PEPPER Session IV G. F. HEAP I. DOUGALL Session V H. C. ORCHARD RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE ENVIRONMENT Proceedings of a Symposium organized by The Central Electricity Generating Board in association with The Joint Health Physics Committee; held at Berkeley, Gloucestershire October 1963 General Editors B. C. GODBOLD and J. K. JONES SYMPOSIUM PUBLICATIONS DIVISION PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD LONDON • EDINBURGH • NEW YORK PARIS • FRANKFURT PERGAMON PRESS LTD. Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 4 and 5 Fitzroy Square, London, W.l PERGAMON PRESS (SCOTLAND) LTD. 2 and 3 Teviot Place, Edinburgh 1 PERGAMON PRESS INC. 44-01 21st Street, Long Island City, New York 11101 PERGAMON PRESS S.A.R.L. 24 rue des Ecoles, Paris 5e PERGAMON PRESS G.m.b.H. Kaiserstrasse 75, Frankfurt am Main Copyright © 1965 PERGAMON PRESS LTD. First edition 1965 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 65-12267 Set in Times 10 on 12 pt. and printed in Great Britain by The Whitefriars Press Ltd. London and Tonbridge (1995/65) FOREWORD THIS volume records the proceedings of the Symposium on Radiological Monitoring of the Environment, which was organized by the Central Electri- city Generating Board and held at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, on 3 and 4 October 1963. The symposium was the sixth in the series arranged by the bodies represented on the Joint Health Physics Committee. Environmental monitoring in its different aspects is of interest to most health physicists, and in particular to those of the Generating Board in relation to nuclear power stations and nuclear laboratories. The symposium thus served the dual purpose of disseminating information on a subject of importance, and of fulfilling one of the objectives of the Joint Health Physics Committee by bringing together people working in various fields. The adoption of the rapporteur system permitted the presentation and discussion of more than the usual number of papers, and in addition to the technical sessions there was time for visits to the Board's Berkeley Nuclear Power Station, the associated environmental survey laboratory at Stone and the Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories. The Generating Board welcomed the opportunity of assisting the work of the Joint Health Physics Committee by organizing this symposium, and is grateful both to Captain Berkeley for allowing Berkeley Castle to be used and to the delegates whose technical contributions are recorded in these proceedings. F. H. S. BROWN Deputy Chairman June, 1964. Central Electricity Generating Board v PREFACE MR. C. A. ADAMS, Chief Nuclear Health and Safety Officer of the Central Electricity Generating Board, in opening the formal sessions of this symposium on environmental monitoring extended a welcome to all partici- pants on behalf of the Board. He drew attention to the inter-relationship between environmental monitoring programmes and the legislation dealing with nuclear energy which had been the subject of the previous symposium in the series originated by the Joint Health Physics Committee. Mr. Adams referred to the opportunity given on the previous day for participants in the symposium to see and discuss some aspects of the work carried on at Berkeley Nuclear Power Station and Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories, and expressed the gratitude of all participants to those who had co-operated in the organi- zation of the symposium and, in particular, to the Station Superintendent and the Director of the Laboratories for their hospitality. The Joint Health Physics Committee, which has a co-ordinating function in the field of health physics within the United Kingdom, is made up of representatives of the following professional and employing organizations: The British Institute of Radiology. The British Occupational Hygiene Society. The Central Electricity Generating Board. The Faculty of Radiologists. The Hospital Physicists' Association. The Institute of Physics and The Physical Society. The Radiological Protection Service. The Society for Radiological Protection. The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. The Committee has sponsored a series of symposia, of which the Berkeley Symposium was the sixth, organized in turn by the participating organizations. The papers prepared for this symposium were circulated to intending participants in advance of the meeting. At the symposium itself the three general papers were introduced by their authors in Sessions I and II, and were followed by discussion. With the object of securing a maximum of general discussion time the other papers were arranged by subject in Sessions III, IV, and V and the papers in each session reviewed collectively by a rapporteur, before the subject of the session was generally discussed. It should perhaps be noted that no paper was invited on the important topic of air sampling for radio-iodine, since this had been the subject of a number of recent and generally available papers. Discussion of the subject in vii Vlll PREFACE Session III was, however, not precluded and the attention of participants was drawn to a review article at the time when the papers were circulated. This volume is divided into two parts, following the way in which the symposium was arranged. The first part of the volume contains the papers and the second part consists of the transactions of the meeting at Berkeley. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Name Organization (at date of registration) Adams, C. A. C.E.G.B. Adams, Dr. M. J. T. Medical Research Council Allenden, D. Associated Electrical Industries Ltd. Ashton, T. Cookridge Hospital, Leeds Atherton, N. J. Ministry of Labour Baker, W. T. University of Sheffield Balls, A. W. The General Electric Co., Ltd. Barnes, D. E. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Bennellick, E. J. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Benzie, D. Rowett Research Institute Berindei, M. Philips Electrical Ltd. Binks, W. Radiological Protection Service Bisby, H. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Bland, W. F. Radiological Protection Service Boddy, K. Scottish Research Reactor Centre Boldero, Dr. J. L. British Institute of Radiology Bonfield, P. J. C.E.G.B. Bonnell, Dr. J. A. C.E.G.B. Bradbury-Williams, J. C. C.E.G.B. Brown, E. S. C E G B Brockman, W. J., Lt. Cdr. C. & N. (Electrical) Ltd. R.N. (Retd.) Bryant, Miss P. M. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Burlin, Dr. T. E. The Polytechnic, Regent Street Burton, J. D. Agricultural Research Council Burton, Dr. L. K. C.E.G.B. Butler, M. J. The Mullard Radio Valve Co. Carr, J. A. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Casbolt, P. N. Radiological Protection Service Cave, L. United Power Co., Ltd. Chadwick, K. N. C.E.G.B. Chamberlain, G. W. Watson & Sons (Electro-Medical) Ltd. Christie, H. M. C.E.G.B. Clifton, J. J. U.K.A.E.A., Winfrith Collins, J. C. University of Manchester Collins, R. The Nuclear Power Group Cook, D. A. U.K.A.E.A., Radiochemical Centre Cordingly, N. C. Elliott Brothers (London) Ltd. Cox, G. W. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Cross, P. Hospital Physicists' Association Dagg, S. J. C.E.G.B. Dale, G. C. C.E.G.B. Davies, B. S. J. C.E.G.B. Diggle, W. M. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Donth, Dr. H. Der Bundesminister fur wissenschaftliche Forschung Doran, D. British Overseas Airways Corporation Dougall, I. C.E.G.B. xiu XIV LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Name Organization (at date of registration) Duggan, M. J. Radiological Protection Service Dutton, J. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Edwards, J. C, Lt. R.N. Naval Mobile Monitoring Team Ellis, Dr. R. E. Middlesex Hospital Emmerson, B. W. C.E.G.B. Evans, Dr. H. D. Imperial College of Science and Technology Evans, Dr. W. P. Unilever Ltd. Evett, T. W. C.E.G.B. Exley, J. C.E.G.B. Finch, H. W. Isotope Developments Ltd. Firth, L. A. Cookridge Hospital, Leeds Fletcher, W. H. B. C.E.G.B. Foster, C. J. C E G B Fraser, D. C. U.K.A.E.A., Winfrith Freke, A. M. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Gale, H. J. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Garland, J. A. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Garner, Dr. R. J. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Gayton, F. M. C.E.G.B. Gelder, R. The Nuclear Power Group Gibbons, Miss M. A. C.E.G.B. Godbold, B. C. C.E.G.B. Goldfinch, E. P. C.E.G.B. Greening, Dr. J. R. University of Edinburgh Hague, J. M. Agricultural Research Council Haire, T. P. C.E.G.B. Halliday, Col. P. United Power Co., Ltd. Hand, A. Brandhurst Co., Ltd. Heap, G. F. C.E.G.B. Hems, G. Radiological Protection Service Hesketh, G. E. Ministry of Housing and Local Government Hill, Dr. C. R. Institute of Cancer Research Hill, M. J. C.E.G.B. Hollo way, R. C. Medical Research Council Holmes, R. E. United Power Co., Ltd. Howells, Mrs. G. P. Radiological Protection Service Howells, H. U.K.A.E.A., Windscale Hughes, A. C. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Hughes, C. O., Sgn. Cdr. R.N. Admiralty Hunt, C. J. City of Portsmouth College of Technology Innes, G. S. St. Bartholomew's Hospital Jackson, E. W. Ministry of Power Jackson, G. South of Scotland Electricity Board Jackson, Dr. S. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Janisch, D. B. B. U.K.A.E.A., Risley Jefferies, D. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Jones, A. R. Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Jones, B. E. Radiological Protection Service Jones, D. E. A. Mount Vernon Hospital Jones, J. K. C.E.G.B. Jones, P. S., Cdr. R.N. Admiralty Jones, V. G. Gloucester Technical College Kennedy, J. W. U.K.A.E.A., Capenhurst Kenny, A. W. Ministry of Housing and Local Government LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Name Organization (at date of registration) Langmead, W. A. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Legge, I. K. Ministry of Labour Lines, D. F., Lt. Cdr. R.N. Admiralty Linton, G. E. Gloucester Technical College Lister, Dr. B. A. J. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Longden-Thurgood, R. M. U.K.A.E.A., Risley Longley, H. U.K.A.E.A., Windscale Loosemore, W. R. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Lucas, J. W. Liverpool College of Technology Mackintosh, I. W. Mullard Ltd. Marley, Dr. W. G. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Mathias, D. J. United Power Co., Ltd. McCallum, G. H. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. May, F. G. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell May, R. J. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Miller, Dr. C. W. Associated Electrical Industries Ltd. Mills, Dr. N. L. British Institute of Radiology Morgan, A. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Morgan, F. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Morris, D. H. U.K.A.E.A., Springfields Mubarak, M. A. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Neal, W. T. L. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Neville, H. T. U.K.A.E.A.,Winfrith Newson, E. R. Associated Lead Manufacturers Ltd. Orchard, H. C. C.E.G.B. O'Riordan, M. Radiological Protection Service Osborn, Dr. S. B. King's College Hospital Owers, M. J. C E G B Palmer, G. H. U.K.A.E.A., Winfrith Parker, Dr. R. P. Institute of Cancer Research Pearce, N. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Pepper, R. B. pppp Perry, K. E. G. U.K.A.E.A., Winfrith Pickup, J. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Pimblett, Dr. G. W. British Institute of Radiology Pitman, D. A. D. A. Pitman, Ltd. Pollard, J. Royal Naval Scientific Service Preston, A. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Pringle, M. U.K.A.E.A., Chapelcross Quinton, A. U.K.A.E.A., Risley Redmill, Dr. J. D. War Office Rees, J. M. Ministry of Labour Reynolds, E. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Richings, L. D. G. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Roberts, P. W. University College, London Robinson, Dr. J. "Shell" Research Ltd. Robson, W. W. Associated Lead Manufacturers Ltd. Ross, J. F. C.E.G.B. Russell, Dr. R. Scott Agricultural Research Council Salmon, Dr. A. Associated Electrical Industries Ltd. Sandell, Dr. J. J. Faculty of Radiologists Savage, R. I. Laboratory of the Government Chemist Saxby, W. N. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Saxon, G. Associated Electrical Industries Ltd. XVI LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Name Organization (at date of registration) Schwehr, E. W. Fisons Fertilizers Ltd. Sherwood, R. J. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Short, R. D., Lt. Cdr. R.N. Admiralty Sinclair, T. C. C.E.G.B. Skelcher, B. W. C.E.G.B. Smith, B. S. U.K.A.E.A., Wantage Smith, E. E. Radiological Protection Service Smith, V. St. Bartholomew's Hospital Souch, Dr. A. E. C.E.G.B. Steadman, E. J. A. E. Dean & Co. (X-ray Apparatus) Ltd. Stephenson, S. K. Christie Hospital, Manchester Stewart, Dr. K. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Stott, G. U.K.A.E.A., Dounreay Swindell, G. E. International Atomic Energy Agency Tagg, B. U.K.A.E.A., Windscale Tattersall, D. C.E.G.B. Taylor, N. A. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Thomas, D. CE.G.B. Thomas, D. C. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Tildsley, F. C. J. Ministry of Power Tresise, H. C. C.E.G.B. Turner, Dr. D. The Associated Octel Co., Ltd. Veale, F. L. Research & Control Instruments Ltd. Walker, C. W. CE.G.B. Watkins, L. L. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Wells, A. F. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Westmorland, J. CE.G.B. White, D. E. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Whitmore, Dr. J. L. U.K.A.E.A., Aldermaston Willcox, B. W. C E G B Williams, D. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Williams, J. H. Admiralty Williams, T. F. U.K.A.E.A., Dounreay Williams, W. M. United Power Co., Ltd. Woolgar, Mrs. M. D. Ministry of Labour Woollen, W. B. U.K.A.E.A., Harwell Wright, Dr. F. W. British Institute of Radiology