P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome RADIO TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS FOR IMT-ADVANCED Radio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced Edited by Martin Döttling, Werner Mohr and Afif Osseiran © 2009 Martin Dö¨ttling, Werner Mohr, Afif Osseiran. ISBN: 978-0-470-74763-6 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome RADIO TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS FOR IMT-ADVANCED Editedby Martin Do¨ttling, Nokia Siemens Networks, Germany Werner Mohr, Nokia Siemens Networks, Germany Afif Osseiran, Ericsson Research, Sweden A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome Copyright(cid:1)C 2009 MartinDo¨ttling,WernerMohr,AfifOsseiran Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wileyeurope.comorwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthe termsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthe Publisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd, TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],or faxedto(+44)1243770620. 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OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1 Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Someofthecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Do¨ttling,Martin. RadiotechnologiesandconceptsforIMT-Advanced/MartinDo¨ttling,WernerMohr,andAfifOsseiran. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-74763-6(H/B) 1.Radio—Transmitter-receivers—Standards. 2.Cellulartelephones—Standards. 3.Radio—Receiversand reception—Technologicalinnovations. 4.Globalsystemformobilecommunications—Equipmentandsupplies— Standards. I.Mohr,Werner,1955– II.Osseiran,Afif. III.Title. TK6562.P32D682009 621.384—dc22 2009007658 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India PrintedinSingaporebyMarkono P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome To myfamilyandparents MartinDo¨ttling To myparents WernerMohr Inmemory ofmyparents,HayatandHani AfifOsseiran P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome Contents AbouttheEditors xxi Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxix Abbreviations xxxi ListofContributors xliii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 DevelopmentandStatusofMobileandWirelessCommunications 1 1.2 ExpectationsofDataTrafficGrowth 3 1.3 DevelopmentTowardsIMT-Advanced 4 1.4 GlobalResearchActivities 6 1.5 WINNERProject 8 1.6 FutureWork 9 References 10 2 UsageScenariosandTechnicalRequirements 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 KeyScenarioElements 13 2.2.1 EnvironmentTypeandCoverageRange 15 2.2.2 TerminalType 15 2.2.3 UserDensityandTrafficParameters 16 2.2.4 UserMobility 16 2.2.5 DeploymentScenarios 18 2.2.5.1 WideArea 18 2.2.5.2 MetropolitanArea 19 2.2.5.3 LocalArea 19 2.3 ServiceClassesandServiceRequirements 20 2.3.1 OverviewofBeyond-3GApplications 20 2.3.2 RequirementsforServiceProvisioning 20 2.3.3 MappingofServiceRequirementstoRANRequirements 20 2.3.4 TrafficModels 20 2.3.4.1 InternetApplications 22 2.3.4.2 VoiceoverIP 23 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome viii Contents 2.3.4.3 VideoTelephony 23 2.3.4.4 Streaming 23 2.3.4.5 FileTransfer 24 2.3.4.6 InteractiveApplications 24 2.4 RequirementsforSystemCapabilities 24 2.4.1 GeneralisedMobilitySupportwithinWINNER 25 2.4.2 GeneralisedMobilitySupportbetweenWINNERandLegacyNetworks 25 2.4.3 MeasurementRequirementsfortheWINNERSystem 26 2.4.4 SupportforQoSMechanismsandPrioritisationofFlows 28 2.5 TerminalRequirements 28 2.6 PerformanceRequirements 29 2.6.1 Coverage 30 2.6.2 DataRate 30 2.6.2.1 DefinitionofUserThroughput 30 2.6.2.2 PeakDataRate 31 2.6.2.3 SustainableDataRate 31 2.6.3 AllowableErrorRate 31 2.6.4 Delay 31 2.6.4.1 DefinitionofUser-PlanePacketDelay 31 2.6.4.2 AchievableUser-PlanePacketDelay 32 2.6.5 SpectralEfficiency 32 2.6.6 MaximumTerminalSpeed 34 2.7 SpectrumRequirements 34 2.7.1 WINNERSpectrumRange 34 2.7.2 UtilisationofCurrentMobileServiceBands 34 2.7.3 SpectrumFragmentation 34 2.7.4 CoexistencewithOtherSystems 35 2.7.5 SharingSpectrumbetweenWINNERRANs 35 2.7.6 SharingSpectrumbetweenCellLayersofaWINNERSystem 35 2.7.7 SystemBandwidth 36 2.8 DependencyofRequirements 36 2.9 Conclusion 36 Acknowledgements 37 References 38 3 WINNERIIChannelModels 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 ModellingConsiderations 40 3.2.1 PropagationScenarios 40 3.2.1.1 A1:IndoorOffice 41 3.2.1.2 B1:UrbanMicrocell 42 3.2.1.3 B4:OutdoortoIndoor 43 3.2.1.4 C1:SuburbanMacrocell 43 3.2.1.5 C2:UrbanMacrocell 43 3.2.1.6 D1:RuralMacrocell 43 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome Contents ix 3.2.1.7 B2andC3:BadUrbanConditions 43 3.2.2 EvolutionofChannelModelsfrom2Gto4G 44 3.2.3 SelectionofChannel-modellingApproach 46 3.2.4 ModellingProcess 47 3.2.5 NetworkLayout 48 3.2.6 Measurements 50 3.2.6.1 MeasurementTools 50 3.2.6.2 ChannelMeasurements 55 3.3 Channel-ModellingApproach 59 3.3.1 WINNERGenericChannelModel 63 3.3.1.1 ModelledParameters 63 3.3.1.2 CorrelationsBetweenLarge-ScaleParameters 64 3.3.2 ChannelSegments,DropsandTimeEvolution 68 3.3.3 NomadicChannelCondition 70 3.4 ChannelModelsandParameters 70 3.4.1 Applicability 71 3.4.1.1 EnvironmentDependence 71 3.4.1.2 FrequencyDependence 71 3.4.2 GenerationofChannelCoefficients 71 3.4.3 WINNERPath-lossModels 75 3.4.3.1 FrequencyDependenciesofWINNERPath-lossModels 75 3.4.3.2 TransitionsBetweenLOSandNLOSConditions 77 3.4.4 ValuesforGenericChannelModels 77 3.5 ChannelModelUsage 81 3.5.1 System-levelDescription 81 3.5.1.1 CoordinateSystem 81 3.5.1.2 SingleUser(Handover)MulticellSimulation 81 3.5.1.3 Multi-userMulticellSimulation 84 3.5.2 SPACE–TIMEConceptinSimulations 84 3.5.3 BandwidthandFrequencyDependence 85 3.5.3.1 FrequencySampling 85 3.5.3.2 BandwidthDownscalingintheDelayDomain 85 3.5.3.3 BandwidthDownscalingintheFrequencyDomain 85 3.5.3.4 FDDModelling 86 3.5.4 ApproximationofChannelModels 86 3.5.4.1 ReducedComplexityModels 86 3.5.4.2 ComparisonofComplexityofModellingMethods 87 3.6 Conclusion 89 Acknowledgements 90 References 90 4 SystemConceptandArchitecture 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 DesignPrinciplesandMainCharacteristics 94 4.3 LogicalNodeArchitecture 96 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome x Contents 4.3.1 Overview 96 4.3.2 PoolConceptandMicroMobility 98 4.3.3 EquipmentSharing 101 4.3.4 MulticastandBroadcastServiceSupport 102 4.3.5 MultibandTransmissionfromDifferentBSs 103 4.3.6 LogicalNodes 104 4.3.6.1 GatewayNodes:GW IPALN andGW CLN 104 4.3.6.2 BaseStationNode:BSLN 106 4.3.6.3 RelayNode:RNLN 107 4.3.6.4 UserTerminal:UTLN 108 4.3.6.5 RRMserverLN 108 4.3.6.6 SpectrumServerLN 108 4.4 ProtocolandServiceArchitecture 109 4.4.1 Overview 109 4.4.2 Layer3:RadioResourceControl 110 4.4.3 Layer2 112 4.4.3.1 IPConvergenceLayer 114 4.4.3.2 RadioLinkControlLayer 114 4.4.3.3 MediumAccessControlLayer 115 4.4.4 Layer1:Physical 125 4.4.4.1 ControlSignalling 126 4.4.4.2 PhysicalChannelsandMappingstoTransportChannels 128 4.4.4.3 SynchronisationPilots 131 4.5 Conclusion 132 Acknowledgements 132 References 132 5 ModulationandCodingTechniques 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 BasicModulationandCodingScheme 136 5.3 CodingSchemes 137 5.3.1 Low-densityParity-checkCodes 137 5.3.1.1 EncodingofBLDPCCodes 139 5.3.1.2 DecodingMethods 141 5.3.1.3 SchedulingAlgorithms 144 5.3.1.4 LiftingProcessofLDPCCodes 145 5.3.1.5 Rate-CompatiblePuncturingCodes 146 5.3.1.6 SNRMismatchImpactonLDPCCodes 149 5.3.2 Duo-BinaryTurboCodes 151 5.3.3 Low-RateConvolutionalCodesforControlChannel 152 5.3.4 ComparisonofCodingSchemes 154 5.3.4.1 PerformanceComparison 154 5.3.4.2 Performance–ComplexityTrade-Off 154 5.3.4.3 DomainofSuitability 157 5.3.4.4 ImplementationIssues:Flexibility,ParallelizationandThroughput 158 5.4 LinkAdaptation 160 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome Contents xi 5.5 LinkLevelAspectsofH-ARQ 162 5.5.1 IncrementalRedundancyScheme 162 5.5.2 ThroughputandDelayAnalysis 163 5.6 Conclusions 165 References 166 6 LinkLevelProcedures 169 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 PilotDesign 169 6.2.1 TypesofPilot 171 6.2.2 ReferencePilotDesign 172 6.2.2.1 In-bandPilotPatterns 172 6.2.2.2 UplinkSuper-FramePilotPreamble 177 6.2.2.3 CaseStudyfortheReferencePilotDesign 177 6.2.3 Capacity-AchievingPilotDesign 179 6.3 ChannelEstimation 179 6.3.1 ChannelEstimationReferenceDesign 180 6.3.2 Pilot-AidedChannelEstimation 181 6.3.3 IterativeChannelEstimation 182 6.3.3.1 ChannelEstimationforSingle-Input,Single-OutputScenarios 182 6.3.3.2 ChannelEstimationforMultiple-Input,Multiple-OutputScenarios 185 6.3.4 ChannelPrediction 190 6.4 RadioFrequencyImpairments 192 6.4.1 HPANon-Linearities 192 6.4.2 PhaseNoise 195 6.4.2.1 PhaseNoiseModel 196 6.4.2.2 PhaseNoiseSuppressioninOFDMwithSpatialMultiplexing 196 6.4.2.3 PhaseNoiseSuppressionforDFT-PrecodedOFDM(SerialModulation) 198 6.5 MeasurementsandSignalling 200 6.6 LinkLevelSynchronisation 201 6.6.1 SynchronisationPreambleDesign 201 6.6.2 SynchronisationinaLicensedBand 202 6.6.2.1 CoarseSymbolTimingSynchronisation 202 6.6.2.2 FrequencyOffsetEstimation 203 6.6.3 SynchronisationinSharedSpectrum 204 6.7 NetworkSynchronisation 205 6.7.1 FireflySynchronisation 205 6.7.1.1 MathematicalModel 206 6.7.1.2 SynchronisationofCoupledOscillators 206 6.7.1.3 RefractoryPeriod 207 6.7.2 SynchronisationRules 207 6.7.3 CompensatingforPropagationDelays:TimingAdvance 209 6.7.4 ImposingaGlobalTimeReferenceonFireflySynchronisation 210 6.8 Conclusion 211 6.8.1 PilotDesign 211 6.8.2 ChannelEstimation 211 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM JWBK366/Mohr July18,2009 19:33 PrinterName:YettoCome xii Contents 6.8.3 RFImperfections 212 6.8.4 LinkLayerSynchronisation 212 6.8.5 Self-OrganisedNetworkSynchronisation 212 Acknowledgements 213 References 213 7 AdvancedAntennasConceptfor4G 219 7.1 Introduction 219 7.2 MultipleAntennasConcept 221 7.2.1 GenericTransmitter 221 7.2.1.1 PerStreamRateControl 226 7.2.1.2 Space–TimeBlockCode 227 7.2.1.3 SDMA 228 7.2.2 ControlSignalling 228 7.3 SpatialAdaptation 229 7.3.1 SingleStreamPerUser 230 7.3.2 MultipleStreamsPerUser 231 7.4 SpatialSchemes 231 7.4.1 ReceiveDiversity 231 7.4.2 Beamforming 232 7.4.2.1 SignalModel 233 7.4.2.2 Results 235 7.4.3 DiversityandSpatialMultiplexing 237 7.4.4 BeamformingandSpatialMultiplexing 241 7.4.4.1 ClusteredArrayStructure 243 7.4.4.2 Results 243 7.4.5 LinearMU-MIMO:SMMSEandRBD 247 7.4.5.1 SystemModels 249 7.4.5.2 Results 250 7.5 InterferenceMitigation 250 7.6 Pilots,FeedbackandMeasurements 253 7.6.1 Pilots 253 7.6.2 Feedback 255 7.6.3 Measurements 257 7.7 MIMOAspectsinRelaying 258 7.7.1 CooperativeRelaying 260 7.7.1.1 CooperativeDiversityRelaying 261 7.7.1.2 Two-DimensionalCyclicPrefix 262 7.7.2 DistributedAntennaSystems 264 7.7.2.1 DistributedMIMOConfiguration 265 7.7.2.2 PerformanceofLinearMU-MIMOPrecoding 266 7.8 Conclusion 269 7.8.1 Beamforming 269 7.8.2 DiversityandLinearDispersionCodes 270 7.8.3 Multi-UserMIMOPrecoding 271