Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design for Cognitive Radio Systems Amr Fahim Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design for Cognitive Radio Systems 1 3 Amr Fahim Intel Corporation Newport Beach California USA ISBN 978-3-319-11010-3 ISBN 978-3-319-11011-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11011-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014958307 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to Sophia, Hana, Sarah, my sister, my parents and the memory of my grandparents. v Preface Cognitive radios have become a vital solution that allows sharing of the scarce frequency spectrum available for wireless systems. It has been demonstrated that it can be used for future wireless systems as well as integrated into 4G/5G wireless systems. Although there is a great amount of literature in the design of cognitive radios from a system and networking point of view, there has been very limited available literature detailing the circuit implementation of such systems. Our textbook, Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design for Cognitive Radios, is the first book to fill a disconnect in the literature between Cognitive Radio systems and a detailed account of the circuit implementation and architectures required to implement such systems. In addition, this book describes several novel concepts that advance state-of-the-art cognitive radio systems. vii Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 W hat Is Cognitive Radio? .................................................................. 1 1.2 Brief History of Cognitive Radio ....................................................... 3 References ................................................................................................... 5 2 Cognitive Radio Primer ............................................................................ 7 2.1 W ireless Communication Technologies ............................................. 7 2.1.1 W ireless Connectivity Networks ............................................ 7 2.1.2 W ireless Channel Impairments .............................................. 9 2.1.3 OFDM Primer ........................................................................ 12 2.2 Cognitive Radio Systems ................................................................... 14 2.3 Spectrum Management Techniques ................................................... 15 2.4 Spectrum Sensing ............................................................................... 17 2.5 Signal Detection in Cognitive Radios ................................................ 20 2.6 Cognitive Radio Standardization ....................................................... 22 2.6.1 IEEE 802.22 and TVWS Technology .................................... 22 2.6.2 T VWS Deployments .............................................................. 26 Summary ..................................................................................................... 28 References ................................................................................................... 28 3 Wideband Receiver Design ....................................................................... 31 3.1 Receiver Metrics ................................................................................ 31 3.2 Receiver Gain Control ........................................................................ 35 3.3 W ideband LNA Design ...................................................................... 36 3.3.1 W ideband Circuit Topologies ................................................. 40 3.3.2 LNA Gain Control .................................................................. 45 3.3.3 Comparison and Summary ..................................................... 48 3.4 RF Tracking Filter .............................................................................. 48 3.4.1 High-Q Tunable Passive Discrete Filters ............................... 50 3.4.2 On-Chip Active Tunable RF Filters ....................................... 52 3.4.3 W ideband Passive Sampled Filters ........................................ 55 3.4.4 W ideband Active Sampled Filters .......................................... 59 ix x Contents 3.4.5 W ideband Complex Sampled Filters ...................................... 65 3.4.6 Comparison and Summary ..................................................... 68 3.5 Downconversion Mixers .................................................................... 70 3.5.1 Image Reject Mixer ................................................................ 70 3.5.2 Harmonic Reject Mixer .......................................................... 72 Summary ..................................................................................................... 73 References ................................................................................................... 75 4 Wideband Spectrum Sensing Techniques ............................................... 79 4.1 Requirements and Challenges ............................................................ 79 4.2 Spectrum Sensing Techniques ............................................................ 81 4.2.1 Energy-Based Sensing ........................................................... 83 4.2.2 Feature-Based Sensing ........................................................... 85 4.2.3 Second-Order Statistics-Based Sensing ................................. 88 4.2.4 Summary and Comparison ..................................................... 90 4.3 Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sensing Techniques ................................ 91 4.3.1 A daptive Two-Step Sensing Technique .................................. 92 4.3.2 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Techniques ........................... 92 Summary ..................................................................................................... 96 References ................................................................................................... 96 5 High-Linearity Wideband Transmitter ................................................... 99 5.1 Requirements ...................................................................................... 99 5.2 Direct UpconversionTransmitter ........................................................ 102 5.3 Cartesian Loop Transmitter ................................................................ 104 5.4 Polar Modulator Transmitter .............................................................. 105 5.5 Direct Digital Upconverter Transmitter ............................................. 110 5.6 RF Digital-to-Analog Converter ........................................................ 114 5.6.1 DC Matching Requirements ................................................... 115 5.6.2 T ransient Effect and Glitches ................................................. 120 5.6.3 Sampling Effects in DACs ..................................................... 121 5.7 Digital Predistortion in RF Transmitters ............................................ 122 5.8 High-Linearity and High-Efficiency PAs ........................................... 127 Summary ..................................................................................................... 135 References ................................................................................................... 136 6 Wideband Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Frequency Synthesis ................ 139 6.1 Jitter and Phase Noise Primer ............................................................ 139 6.2 Requirements ...................................................................................... 142 6.3 Phase-Locked Loops (PLL) Primer ................................................... 144 6.3.1 Integer PLL ............................................................................ 144 6.3.2 ΣΔ Fractional-N PLL .............................................................. 147 6.4 PLL Phase Noise Optimization .......................................................... 154 6.5 Charge Pump Circuit Implementation ................................................ 157 Contents xi 6.6 V oltage-Controlled Oscillator Implementation .................................. 164 6.6.1 V CO Phase Noise Theory ...................................................... 164 6.6.2 Cyclostationary Analysis of VCO Phase Noise ..................... 169 6.6.3 LC VCO Design ..................................................................... 172 Summary ..................................................................................................... 185 References ................................................................................................... 185 Index .................................................................................................................. 187 About the Author Amr Fahim received his B.A.Sc, M.A.Sc, and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Waterloo in Computer Engineer-ing in 1996 and Electrical Engineering in 1997 and 2000, re-spectively. He has nearly two decades of experience in the design and modeling RF/mixed- signal ICs SoC for wireless applica-tions. His is the author of over 25 papers and over 15 patents. He is also the author of the book Clock Generators for SoC Pro- cessors. He has given numerous talks worldwide on wireless communications and circuit design. He has also served as a reviewer for the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II, and IEEE Transactions on VLSI journals. xiii