Radiation Effects in Materials Edited by Waldemar A. Monteiro Radiation Effects in Materials Edited by Waldemar A. Monteiro Published by ExLi4EvA Copyright © 2016 All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Technical Editor AvE4EvA MuViMix Records Cover Designer ISBN-10: 953-51-2418-8 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2418-4 Print ISBN-10: 953-51-2417-X ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2417-7 C ontents Preface Chapter 1 Effects of Electron Irradiation Upon Absorptive and Fluorescent Properties of Some Doped Optical Fibers by Alexander V. Kir’yanov Chapter 2 Radiation Effects in Optical Materials and Photonic Devices by Dan Sporea and Adelina Sporea Chapter 3 The Impact of Successive Gamma and Neutron Irradiation on Characteristics of PIN Photodiodes and Phototransistors by Dejan Nikolić and Aleksandra Vasić-Milovanović Chapter 4 Electron Beam Irradiation Effects on Dielectric Parameters of SiR–EPDM Blends by R. Deepalaxmi, V. Rajini and C. Vaithilingam Chapter 5 Radiation and Environmental Biophysics: From Single Cells to Small Animals by Yanping Xu Chapter 6 Radioactivity in Food: Experiences of the Food Control Authority of Basel-City since the Chernobyl Accident by Markus Zehringer Chapter 7 Radiation Influence on Edible Materials by Nelida Lucia del Mastro Chapter 8 Transient Anions in Radiobiology and Radiotherapy: From Gaseous Biomolecules to Condensed Organic and Biomolecular Solids by Elahe Alizadeh, Sylwia Ptasińska and Léon Sanche VI Contents Chapter 9 Elimination of Potential Pathogenic Microorganisms in Sewage Sludge Using Electron Beam Irradiation by Jean Engohang-Ndong and Roberto M. Uribe Chapter 10 Radiation Effects in Polyamides by Mária Porubská Chapter 11 Ion-Irradiation-Induced Carbon Nanostructures in Optoelectronic Polymer Materials by Taras S. Kavetskyy and Andrey L. Stepanov Chapter 12 Radiation Effects in Textile Materials by Sheila Shahidi and Jakub Wiener Chapter 13 Irradiation Pretreatment of Tropical Biomass and Biofiber for Biofuel Production by Mohd Asyraf Kassim, H.P.S Abdul Khalil, Noor Aziah Serri, Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir, N.A. Sri Aprila and Rudi Dungani Chapter 14 Ion Bombardment-Induced Surface Effects in Materials by Farid F. Umarov and Abdiravuf A. Dzhurakhalov Chapter 15 Neutron Irradiation Effects in 5xxx and 6xxx Series Aluminum Alloys: A Literature Review by Murthy Kolluri Chapter 16 A Parallel between Laser Irradiation and Relativistic Electrons Irradiation of Solids by Mihai Oane, Rareş Victor Medianu and Anca Bucă Chapter 17 Nanostructuring of Material Surfaces by Laser Ablation by Cinthya Toro Salazar, María Laura Azcárate and Carlos Alberto Rinaldi Preface The study of radiation effects has developed as a major field of materials science from the beginning, approximately 70 years ago. Its rapid development has been driven by two strong influences. The properties of the crystal defects and the materials containing them may then be studied. The types of radiation that can alter structural materials consist of neutrons, ions, electrons, gamma rays or other electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths. All of these forms of radiation have the capability to displace atoms/molecules from their lattice sites, which is the fundamental process that drives the changes in all materials. The effect of irradiation on materials is fixed in the initial event in which an energetic projectile strikes a target. The book is distributed in four sections: Ionic Materials; Biomaterials; Polymeric Materials and Metallic Materials. Chapter 1 Effects of Electron Irradiation Upon Absorptive and Fluorescent Properties of Some Doped Optical Fibers Alexander V. Kir’yanov Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63939 Abstract A review of the recent studies of the effect of irradiating silica-based fibers doped with rare earths and metals by a beam of high-energy (β) electrons is presented. Of the review’s main scope are the attenuation spectra’ transformations occurring in optical fiber of such types under electron irradiation, allowing, from one side, to recover some general essence of the phenomena involved and, from the other side, to draw the features that would make such fibers useful for applications, for example, in dosime‐ try and space technologies. Among the fibers of the current review’s choice, exempli‐ fying the effect of electron irradiation most brightly, are ytterbium (Yb) and cerium (Ce) (the rare earths’ representatives) and bismuth (Bi) (the post-transitional metals representative) doped fibers, where a diversity of the electron-irradiation-related effects is encouraged. Keywords: electron irradiation, ytterbium-, cerium- and bismuth-doped silica fibers, photodarkening, optical bleaching 1. Introduction In this chapter, a few examples are demonstrated of the impact of high-energy (β) electrons irradiation on the absorptive and fluorescence properties of silica-based optical fibers doped with rare earths and metals. The results presented hereafter seem to be useful for understand‐ ing the processes standing behind the highlighted phenomena and for possible applications of the fibers, say, in dosimetry and space technology. In each case, we used for irradiating fiber samples a controllable linear accelerator of the LU type that emits β-electrons with a narrow-band energy spectrum (~6 MeV) in a short- pulse (~5 μs) mode. The samples with lengths of around 1–2 m were placed into the