Racism and Society SOCIOLOGY FOR A CHANGING WORLD Series Editors: Graham Allan and Mary Maynard Consultant Editor: janet Finch This series, published in conjunction with the British Sociological Association, evaluates and reflects major developments in contemporary sociology. The books will focus on key changes in social and economic life in recent years and on the ways in which the discipline of sociology has analysed those changes. The books will reflect the state of the art in contemporary British sociology, while at the same time drawing upon comparative material to set debates in an international perspective. Published Graham Allan and Graham Crow, Families, Households and Society Rosamund Billington, Annette Fitzsimmons, Lenore Greens ides and Sheelagh Strawbridge, Culture and Society Lois Bryson, Welfare and the State: Who Benefits? Frances Heidensohn, Crime and Society Stephen j. Hunt, Religion in Western Society Mike Savage and Alan Warde, Urban Sociology, Capitalism and Modernity john Solomos and Les Back, Racism and Society Philip Sutton, Nature, Environment and Society Andrew Webster, Science, Technology and Society Forthcoming Kevin Brehony and Rosemary Deem, Rethinking Sociologies of Education Gordon Causer and Ray Norman, Work and Employment in Contemporary Society jorg Durrschmidt and Graham Taylor, Globalisation, Modernity and Social Change David Morgan, Men, Masculinites and Society julie Seymour, Social Research Methodology Series Standing Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller , or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address ! and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the United Kingdom we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England RACISM AND SOCIETY John Solomos and Les Back * © John Solomos and Les Back 1996 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York. N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan"' is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-333-58439-2 ISBN 978-1-349-24735-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-24735-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Transferred to digital printing 2002 For Kyriacou Solomou, Nikolas Solomou, Joan Back and Bob Back with much love, for the support they have provided over the years Contents List of Figures lX Acknowledgements X Priface Xl 1 Theoretical Perspectives 1 Race and sociological theory 3 N eo-Marxism and racism 7 Feminism, race and ethnicity 11 New ethnicity, new racism 16 Racism and 'whiteness ' 22 Conceptualising racisms and racial discourse 25 2 Historical Perspectives 30 Changing ideas about race 31 Racism, slavery and capitalism 37 Race, science and society 42 Imperialism, colonialism and race 45 Anti-Semitism, Nazism and the racial state 49 Migrant labour, race and society 53 Racism in comparative perspective 56 3 Social Relations and Racial Inequality 60 Racism and social relations 61 Racialisation and exclusionary practices 66 Racism, integration and the liberal agenda 72 Racial inequalities and social change 76 4 Racism, Class and Political Action 79 Race, politics and society 81 Racism and political action 84 Racism, class and exclusion 88 Vll vm Contents Race, community and resistance 94 Dynamics of racial formation 97 5 Racism and Anti-Racism 102 Conceptualising anti-racism 103 The politics of anti-racism 110 Anti-racist movements 111 Multiculturalism and anti-racism 113 Anti-racist policies and practices 116 What kind of anti-racism? 117 6 Identity, Hybridity and New Ethnicities 121 Anthropology in the metropolis: ethnic identity and models of ethnicity 122 Ethnicity and identity 128 Identification, hybridity and new ethnicities 132 Blackness and the end of innocence 134 Diaspora, hybridity and belonging 141 Syncretic fascism? Transnationality and racist culture 145 Cultural politics and difference 153 7 Race, Racism and Popular Culture 156 Icons of nationhood: John Bull, Britannia and empire 158 Nazism, propaganda and visual culture 167 Racism and representing the black presence in Britain 179 Corporate multiculturalism: racism, difference and media images 185 Popular culture and difference 198 8 Shifting Meanings ofRace and Racism 202 Constructions of race 205 New forms of racism 212 Citizenship, multiculturalism and anti-racism 214 Prospects for the future 216 Guide to Further Reading 221 References 224 Index 247 List of Figures 7.1 Britannia and the domestic: Vinolia toothpaste advert, 1915 162 7.2 John Bull as an English champion: England's Glory Matches tin sign, 1905 165 7.3 Nazi cartoon representations of the black Allied soldier 173 7.4 'Greetings from England: The Coming Invasion'. Nazi pamphlet circulated in Holland, 1944 175 7.5 Monstrous Regiment: Nazi poster portraying the GI as a jitterbugging marauder. Poster in Holland, 1944 177 7.6 United Colors? Benetton billboard poster, 1991 188 7.7 Altered Image: Toscani's portrait of a black Queen Elizabeth, spring 1993 198 lX Acknowledgements The author and publisher wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material: The Robert Opie Collection, for Britannia and the domestic: Vinolia advertisement, 1915 (p. 162); The Robert Opie Collection, for John Bull as an English cham pion: England's Glory Matches tin sign, 1905 (p. 165); A Rhodes Propaganda: The Art of Persuasion in World War II Angus Robertson, for a Nazi cartoon representing the black Allied soldier (p. 173); 'Greetings from England: The Coming Invasion' Nazi pamphlet circulated in Holland, 1944 (p.175); Monstrous Regiment: Nazi poster portraying the GI as a jitter bugging marauder: Poster in Holland, 1944 (p. 177); Benetton Publicity, for United Colors? Benetton billboard poster, 1991 (p. 188); Benetton Publicity courtesy of Colors Magazine, for Altered Image: Toscani's portrait of a black Queen Elizabeth, spring 1993 (p. 198). Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright-holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. X