File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM RACIAL PARADOX AND ECLIPSE: OBAMA AS A BALM FOR WHAT AILS US CAMILLE A. NELSON* INTRODUCTION The 2008 political season provided us with sublime political specta- cle. The contest for presidential nominee of the Democratic National party was an exciting and historic race. The subsequent presidential race whipped Americans, and indeed many throughout the world, into a frenzy. Never before did two white women and a black man exemplify the dreams and aspirations of so many. People the world over hoped and sought to change the course of history through the selection of the Presi- dent and Vice President of the United States of America. There appeared to be a captivating yet ironic handwringing around identitarian politics at the same time that this elephant in the room was downplayed. The con- test elevated, yet simultaneously sublimated, Americans’ struggle with race, gender, religion and national origin. As everyone was well aware of the monumental contests for symbolic firsts1 the 2008 Presidential race took on added momentum. With the designation of “First black President of the United States of America” looming within sight, sup- porters and detractors of Barack Obama were plagued by the weighty history of America. This racist history was cast as both past and pro- logue. With so many “firsts” at stake—either the potential for the first woman President and Vice President or the first black President—both crude and subtle identity politics were revealed which challenged claims that the citizenry of the United States had moved beyond identity- politics, or race more specifically. 2 * Professor of Law, Saint Louis University, School of Law, Visiting Professor of Law, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Law, LL.M. Columbia University, Law Clerk to the Honorable Mr. Justice Iacobucci, Supreme Court of Canada, LL.B. University of Ottawa, ON, Canada. A special thank you to Matt Knepper for his able and enthusiastic research assistance. I also owe a debt of gratitude to librarians Hyla Bondareff and Dorie Bertram of Washington Univer- sity in St. Louis for their very helpful contributions to this essay. 1. A professor in the audience at the Obama Phenomena symposium at the University of Denver College Of Law stated that this political season was a “contest of representational firsts.” 2. See Erica John, Why Am I So Afraid, THE HUFFINGTON POST, Feb. 17, 2009, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/erica-jong/why-am-i-so-afraid_b_92876.html (“We have two great candidates—one a hard working, never give up eager beaver, and one an inspiring, heart-leapingly brilliant stallion. . . . There ought to be no ego, no genderizing and no racializing. . . . Americans are neither black nor white. We are all as mixed as Brazilians. We are a honey-colored race—with Africans, Europeans, Asians and Native Americans intermingled in our DNA. That’s the glory of America. If Dick Cheney is genetically related to Barack Obama, what more do we need to know? DNA only goes so far politically.”). 743 File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 744 DENVER UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 86.Obama However, transcendent colorblind theories have been echoed in re- cent U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence—they buttress a disconnect from our racialized past and present. In 2003, Justice O’Connor in Grutter v. Bollinger3 remarked that in twenty-five years we should no longer re- quire affirmative action initiatives, presumably because we will have reached a post-racial epoch of cultural colorblindness.4 A few years later Chief Justice Roberts in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seat- tle School Dist. No. 15—a case addressing affirmative action initiatives undertaken by school districts—similarly asserted that the best way to stop racial discrimination is to stop discriminating.6 Cases such as these encode a normative boundary between public and private. They estab- lish a terrain of identity schizophrenia on which we are often deluded by our perceptions of reality—no longer can we tell what is real from what is fiction. This is the terrain on which I would like to examine the Obama phenomenon to reveal Barack Obama as somewhat of a paradox, black but white, manly but feminist, alien yet familiar, foreign but quintessen- tially American, and of course dubiously Christian. Accordingly, this essay will explore what might be described as the disordered identity politics revealed at the site of Obama’s ascendance. I will focus largely upon racial dynamics while recognizing the work of other identity con- structs in constituting and reinforcing each other. Admittedly, race and racial politicking are the focus of this essay, but gender (specifically masculinity), religion, class and national origin also occupied the politi- cal landscape in meaningful ways. Essential to this exploration, there- fore, is the intersecting identity of Barack Obama as not only a man, but a heterosexual black man of mixed racial, cultural and religious heritage. This multifaceted identity nexus carries incredible baggage in America— it complicates the desire for simplified identitarian politics but does not eliminate its force. While to some people Barack Obama, as a mixed-race man who is Black identified, holds within him the specter of a post-racial America, it 3. 539 U.S. 306 (2003). 4. Id. at 343 (“We expect that 25 years from now, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary to further the interest approved today. In summary, the Equal Protection Clause does not prohibit the Law School's narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions to further a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body.”). In addressing this sentiment head on, Justice Ginsburg outlined the perilous situation for minority students throughout the country and commented that, “From today’s vantage point, one may hope, but not firmly forecast, that over the next generation’s span, progress toward nondiscrimination and genuinely equal opportunity will make it safe to sunset affirmative action.” Id. at 346. 5. 127 S. Ct. 2738 (2007). 6. Id. at 2768 (Justice Roberts stated that “[f]or schools that never segregated on the basis of race, such as Seattle, or that have removed the vestiges of past segregation, such as Jefferson County, the way ‘to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schools on a nonracial basis,’ is to stop assigning students on a racial basis.”) (quoting Brown v. Board of Educ. (Brown II), 349 U.S. 294, 300-01 (1955)). Justice Roberts continued: “The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.” Id. File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 2009] RACIAL PARADOX AND ECLIPSE 745 is my sense that we have not yet achieved this lofty goal, despite his election. Instead, America remains deeply invested in identitarian poli- tics and race more specifically. No doubt some citizens cast a vote for Obama because of his race and others refused to do so for the same rea- son.7 Rather than being irrelevant, the visibility and salience of race in America is starkly demonstrated by Obama mania—Obamania—the frenzy, excitement and furor surrounding his candidacy for President of the United States. Obama supporters and detractors alike have seized specifically upon race, consciously or unconsciously,8 to reveal deep- seated identity-based paranoia. Thus, contrary to what the Supreme Court of the United States proclaims, race is not irrelevant in America, especially when politics and power are concerned. This essay will explore some of the disordered permutations of race, specifically racial construction and deconstruction, as publicly demon- strated through Obamania. In Part I, particular emphasis will be placed upon the mixed-race rhetoric surrounding Obama—this framework casts Obama as racially transcendent and celebrates public American post- racialism.9 Curiously, though, despite this philosophy that dismisses the centrality of race in America, Obama himself acknowledges that he has had to make private race-based identity choices. Obama asserts that he is a black man in America—it is unlikely that he could assert that he is a white man and be legitimated and embraced as such. U.S. Representa- tive G. K. Butterfield states, “Obama has chosen the heritage he feels comfortable with. His physical appearance is black. I don't know how he could have chosen to be any other race. Let’s just say [if] he decided to be white people would have laughed at him.”10 Indeed, it is folly to believe that those who see him in dark, distrustful hues would embrace his white-half identity thereby seeing themselves in him to overcome their perception of his troublesome blackness. American public progres- sivity is out of step with our private racial ordering. Ironically, many in America can publicly celebrate the incredible reality of our first black 7. See Crispin Hull, Figures Show Race Played a Part for Obama (2008), http://www.crispinhull.com.au/2008/11/08/figures-show-race-played-a-part-for-obama/ (“Sorry to rain on the party, but covert racism appears to be alive and well in America. . . . [the election of Obama] disguises other facts and figures which suggest many United States voters might have not voted for Obama because of race and others voted for him purely because of race.”). 8. See Charles R. Lawrence III, The Id, The Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism, A Reader on Race, Civil Rights, and American Law: A Multiracial Approach 39 STAN. L. REV. 317, 322 (1986) (recognizing that racist behaviors are not always based on intent, but rather on unconscious racial motives stemming from our cultural heritage). 9. Jesse Washington, AP: Many Insisting that Obama is not Black, HUFFINGTON POST, Nov. 8, 2008 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/14/ap-many-insisting-that-ob_n_150846.html (“There is at least one group eagerly waiting for Obama to embrace them. ‘To me, as to increasing numbers of mixed-race people, Barack Obama is not our first black president. He is our first bira- cial, bicultural president . . . a bridge between races, a living symbol of tolerance, a signal that strict racial categories must go,’ Marie Arana wrote in the Washington Post”). 10. Id. File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 746 DENVER UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 86.Obama President, yet self-righteously return to markedly and intentionally seg- regated private lives. Part II will explore the racial tightrope that Obama skillfully crossed. Of all the major political candidates, only Obama was asked to be all things to all people. At times, he was not seen as black enough. At other times, Obama was too black. Yet on other occasions, Obama’s Christianity was questioned with the post-9/11 weightiness of an as- cribed Muslim identity. There were other occasions on which his mascu- linity was questioned, even as he undoubtedly felt the historical burden of hyper-masculinized black manhood. Identity politics were cast upon Obama with a furor seldom demonstrated in national politics. Skillful as ever, however, Obama emerged victorious and relatively unscathed. To my mind, navigating the swath of identitarian complaints and politics thrown only his way was one of his greatest accomplishments. Ultimately, Part III will conclude with an exploration of the ways in which the political contest for the Democratic Party nominee exposed the primacy of identitarian politics, specifically of race, in America. In con- clusion, this essay will assert that, in keeping with America’s schizo- phrenic socio-legal history, race remains a challenging concept and its persistent relevance indicates that we have not yet achieved the racial healing or transcendence which Obama’s public ascendancy proclaims. Obama, therefore, is not the balm for our racial ailments. Instead, Obama’s ascendancy reveals our racial disorder. At the same time that Obama’s eclipsing blackness comforts many of us in the knowledge that we have finally elected a black President, others are equally disappointed by this fact. Moreover, Obama’s public trajectory to the forefront of the political super strata eclipses the pervasive reality that private prejudices remain steadfast throughout the social landscape and we remain more racially segregated than ever. I. FROM ANTI-MISCEGENATION TO MISCEGENATION Some have speculated that part of the appeal of Barack Obama as the first black President is that he is from, what I will dub, the Miscege- Nation. This notion of a mixed-race nation has tremendous salience, not only in America, but around the world. When combined with his middle name, Hussein, and his mixed origin and mixed race, he is situated firm- ly on several continents—Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Kenyans have reason to see themselves in Obama,11 South East Asians do as well, particularly Indonesians,12 as do many in the Arab world who 11. See Tom Maliti, Kenya Declares Wednesday a National Holiday After Barack Obama, HUFFINGTON POST, Nov. 5, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/11/05/kenya-declares- wednesday_n_141270.html. 12. See Henry Chu, World Reaction to Obama Victory: Elation, L.A. TIMES, Nov. 6, 2008, available at http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-worldreax6-2008nov06,0,603 7603.story. File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 2009] RACIAL PARADOX AND ECLIPSE 747 appreciate not only his middle name, but also his anti-Iraq war stance. But back home in America, Obama’s story of miscegenation, a word with a historically ugly connotation,13 sheds light on a matter of great historical acrimony. Indeed, notable jurists and politicians feared that America would become a nation of mongrels like Mexico or Puerto Ri- co.14 The story of the mixing of the races in America, particularly of the Black and the White, is deeply rooted in the racialized founding of the nation itself.15 However, history reveals that this Nation, a nation of mixed-race people, is contested. Its existence is simultaneously per- ceived as a detested blight on American socio-legal history16 and as a cause for post-racial celebration.17 13. See generally Camille A. Nelson, Loving the Man: The Legal Nexus of Irony, Hypocrisy, and Curiosity, 2007 WIS. L. REV. 543 (2007); see also Reginald Oh, Regulating White Desire, 2007 WIS. L. REV. 463 (2007); RACHEL MORAN, INTERRACIAL INTIMACY: THE REGULATION OF RACE AND ROMANCE (2d. ed. 2003); Randall Kennedy, How Are We Doing with Loving? Race, Law, and Intermarriage, 77 B.U. L. Rev. 815, 820 (1997). 14. Such people “warned that American democracy would be in jeopardy if the color line were compromised,” thereby creating a nation of mongrels. MORAN, supra note 13, at 57; see Kennedy, supra note 13, at 13-14. These men feared that a burgeoning mixed-race population would convert America into a nation made up of a racially indeterminate populace, like Mexico or Puerto Rico. See MORAN, supra note 13, at 57 (Mexico); RUBIN FRANCIS WESTON, RACISM IN U.S. IMPERIALISM: THE INFLUENCE OF RACIAL ASSUMPTIONS ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY 1893- 1946, at 194-210 (1972) (Puerto Rico)). 15. See generally MORAN, supra note 13. 16. Id. at 17-42 (exploring the ways in which the law was used to enforce the separation of the races). As Professor Randall Kennedy noted, “There are . . . powerful forces arrayed against in- creased rates of black-white intermarriage . . . . Through stares, catcalls and even . . . violence, they put a pall over interracial intimacy . . . .” See Kennedy, supra note 13, at 820; see also RANDALL KENNEDY, INTERRACIAL INTIMACIES: SEX, MARRIAGE, IDENTITY, AND ADOPTION 820 (2003) (“Some polls suggest that as much as twenty percent of the white population continues to believe that interracial marriage should be illegal.” (citing Isabel Wilkerson, Black-White Marriages Rise, but Couples Still Face Scorn, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 2, 1991, at A1)); RENEE C. ROMANO, RACE MIXING: BLACK-WHITE MARRIAGE IN POSTWAR AMERICA, 217-22 (2003) (exploring negative and hostile reactions of African Americans to black-white interracial relationships). 17. Some scholars and commentators view interracial relationships and the production of mixed-race people in celebratory terms. They see in them the possibility of racial transcendence. With the “browning” of the United States it is hoped that racial constructs and prejudice will dissi- pate and tolerance will thrive. Elsewhere I have stated, “[T]o members of the sunshine brigade, mixed-race children represent the cure for our racial pathologies. These individuals see mixed-race children as the way of the future; they defy race and will lead us to racial harmony through their splendid existence.” See, e.g., Kennedy, supra note 13, at 818-19 (arguing that increasing black- white intermarriage is one way to alleviate black isolation and social, political, and economic depri- vation); see generally Jim Chen, Unloving, 80 IOWA L. REV. 145, 171-72 (1994) (arguing that the creolization of America offers hope for the end of racism as we know it, and that interracial inter- marriage will prove that “love conquers all”). In dismissing “race-matching,” Professor Chen cele- brates an America in which we have interbred for generations: “[W]e Americans have ‘mixed people as though they were of no more consequence than the swill [we have] slopped together for [our] pigs.’ The rest of the world should be so fortunate.” Id. at 152 (quoting O.E. ROLVAAG, PEDER VICTORIOUS 138-39 (Nora O. Solun & O.E. Rolvaag trans., 1929)); see also Matthijc Kalmijn, Trends in Black/White Intermarriage, 72 J. SOC. FORCES 119, 141 (1993) (“[Increasing intermar- riage] is further consistent with . . . a continuous decline in white prejudice against blacks. The apparent growth of social tolerance towards blacks may make the marriage seekers themselves less reluctant to intermarry, and it may make it easier for the unprejudiced to marry because of the weak- ening social norms against such marriages.” (citations omitted)). But see Garrett Epps, What's Loving Got to Do with It?, 81 IOWA L. REV. 1489, 1496 (1996) (“Professor Chen's reasoning . . . seems to be that . . . intermarriage of the races offers hope for a cessation of racial hostility and File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 748 DENVER UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 86.Obama For instance, in relaying his concerns for the maintenance of white racial purity, Benjamin Franklin, in Observations Concerning the In- crease of Mankind, did not mince his words. This founding father was so concerned with the dilution of whiteness, and the corollary loss of privilege and status, that he was willing to forgo the profits of slavery in order to maintain racial purity. Fixated as he was upon the preservation of pure whiteness, Franklin linked nation-building to racial identity for- mation: [W]hy increase the Sons of Africa, by Planting them in America, where we have so fair an Opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and Tawneys, of increasing the lovely White and Red? But perhaps I am partial to the Complexion of my Country, for such kind of Partiality is natural to Mankind.18 Again, connecting love of country to preservation of racial purity, founding father Thomas Jefferson commented that blacks’ “amalgama- tion with the other color produces a degradation to which no lover of his country, no lover of excellence in the human character can innocently consent.”19 Thus, the concerns of Jefferson and Franklin provide the historical context for analyzing some of the racial concerns with Ob- ama’s ascendance.20 In keeping with this perspective, legal barriers were erected to maintain and reinforce the “peculiar” institution of slavery and to ensure the subjugation of blacks in America.21 As Chief Justice Taney remarked in the now infamous Dred Scott case, blacks were “so far infe- rior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to re- spect.”22 According to the Chief Justice, “the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his own benefit.”23 A belief in the inherent debasement of “the Negro” further led to the enactment of anti- oppression . . . . This logic is at best elusive.”); Peter Kwan, Unconvincing, 81 IOWA L. REV. 1557, 1570 (1996) (“[I]t is far from clear there exists a necessary relationship between racial hatred at individual levels and at societal levels, with the diminution of one necessitating the diminution of the other.”). See also Chen, supra note 17, at 153 (“Whatever else it might honor, multicultural Amer- ica must surely venerate the ‘half-breed’ survivors who endured and eventually conquered racism.”). 18. 4 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE INCREASE OF MANKIND, in PAPERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 225, 234 (Leonard W. Barabee et al. eds., 1961). 19. Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Edward Coles (Aug. 25, 1814), in PORTABLE THOMAS JEFFERSON 544, 546 (Merrill D. Peterson ed., 1975). 20. Contemporary hateful images and references to Obama, http://tinyurl.com/ctgt5f (last visited Mar. 15, 2009). 21. The comments in Georgia v. Scott, 39 Ga. 321, 323 (1869) are typical of the time. The court stated as follows: The amalgamation of the races is not only unnatural, but is always productive of deplor- able results . . . . [T]he offspring of these unnatural connections are generally sickly and effeminate, and . . . they are inferior in physical development and strength, to the full- blood of either race. . . . They are productive of evil, and evil only, without any corre- sponding good. See also MORAN, supra note 13; Kennedy, supra note 13 (detailed examination of this jurispru- dence). 22. 60 U.S. 393, 407 (1857). 23. Id. File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 2009] RACIAL PARADOX AND ECLIPSE 749 miscegenation laws which imposed sanctions for interracial mixing. According to Chief Justice Taney, the laws prohibiting intermarriage in the colonies “show that a perpetual and impassable barrier was intended to be erected between the white race and the one which they had reduced to slavery.”24 This terrible history of legally enforced debasement, sepa- ration and segregation is one thread of the American experience. There are counter-narratives, however, that embrace the reality of race mixing that took place irrespective of legal barriers and which con- tinues to take place in contemporary American society despite stigmati- zation. These perspectives, including that of Marty Perez of the New Republic, highlight a pan-ethnic mixed-race identity as equally legiti- mate. It posits a celebratory response to the anti-mixing perspective, one that situates the MiscegeNation as quintessentially American: [Obama’s] mixed-race origins make him more and more like other people identified as Afro-American. This paradigm fits the type of other Americans: mixed race, mixed religion, mixed ethnicity, even mixed class. This is also an American experiment, an American achievement.25 In order to address these conflicting notions—miscegenated threat or evidence and source of racial healing—Obama seizes the moment and constructs a new brand of American patriotism. His trajectory is thus cast as a quintessentially American story.26 Despite the odds, given that he “was never the likeliest candidate for [the Presidency]”27 and that his campaign “didn't start with much money or many endorsements”28 Obama invokes himself and his monumental ascendancy to the presi- 24. Id. at 409. 25. Marty Peretz, Andy Young, Barack Obama and the Black Vote, THE NEW REPUBLIC, (Dec. 12, 2007), available at http://blogs.tnr.com/tnr/blogs/the_spine/archive/2007/12/15/andy- young-barack-obama-and-the-black-vote.aspx. 26. Senator Barack Obama, Acceptance Speech at the Democratic National Convention (Aug. 28, 2008), available at http://www.demconvention.com/barack-obama/ [hereinafter Senator Obama]. Four years ago, I stood before you and told you my story—of the brief union between a young man from Kenya and a young woman from Kansas who weren't well-off or well- known, but shared a belief that in America, their son could achieve whatever he put his mind to. It is that promise that has always set this country apart—that through hard work and sacrifice, each of us can pursue our individual dreams but still come together as one American family, to ensure that the next generation can pursue their dreams as well. Similarly, President-elect Obama started his victory speech by proclaiming his triumph a success of American ideals: “If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.” President-Elect Barack Obama, Victory Speech after Winning Presidential Election (Nov. 4, 2008), available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/us_elections_2008/7710038.stm [hereinafter Obama]. 27. Obama, supra note 26 (“But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to—it belongs to you. I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't start with much money or many endorsements. Our campaign was not hatched in the halls of Washington—it began in the backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms of Concord and the front porches of Charles- ton.”). 28. Id. File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 750 DENVER UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 86.Obama dency as the realization of the American dream, “a promise that is the only reason that [he] is here . . . .”29 Further, achievement of this dream is not just the symbolic coming together of people from all walks of life but the actual melding of black and white, foreign and local, young and old. Thus, despite the identitarian choices he has made to be a black man in America, Obama knows full well that he is much more. He is savvy in his elision of an all-encompassing blackness with gender, class, age and geography. As evidenced by his Democratic National Convention speech, his recognition of the identity axis around which his identity con- struction revolves is multifaceted and sophisticated. His particular van- tage point is simultaneously retrospective and prospective: Because in the faces of those young veterans who come back from Iraq and Afghanistan, I see my grandfather, who signed up after Pearl Harbor, marched in Patton’s Army, and was rewarded by a grateful nation with the chance to go to college on the GI Bill. In the face of that young student who sleeps just three hours before working the night shift, I think about my mom, who raised my sister and me on her own while she worked and earned her degree; who once turned to food stamps but was still able to send us to the best schools in the country with the help of student loans and scholar- ships. When I listen to another worker tell me that his factory has shut down, I remember all those men and women on the South Side of Chicago who I stood by and fought for two decades ago after the lo- cal steel plant closed. And when I hear a woman talk about the difficulties of starting her own business, I think about my grandmother, who worked her way up from the secretarial pool to middle-management, despite years of being passed over for promotions because she was a woman. She’s the one who taught me about hard work. She’s the one who put off buying a new car or a new dress for herself so that I could have a bet- ter life. She poured everything she had into me. And although she can no longer travel, I know that she’s watching tonight, and that to- night is her night as well.30 Of course, long before the culmination of his public journey to the presidency, Barack Obama made private identity choices. In Dreams From My Father, Obama wrote honestly about his racial journey and his attempt to “corroborate the nightmare vision” of Blackness in America 29. Obama, supra note 26 (“Tonight, I say to the American people, to Democrats and Repub- licans and Independents across this great land—enough! This moment—this election—is our chance to keep, in the 21st century, the American promise alive.”). 30. Id. File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 2009] RACIAL PARADOX AND ECLIPSE 751 painted by a friend.31 He read the black canon, as it were—Baldwin, Ellison, Hughes, Wright, DuBois, and Malcolm X—ferociously attempt- ing to find himself in their words.32 As a young man of mixed racial and mixed national ancestry, he had to figure out who he was and what his identity would be. In explaining how the Autobiography of Malcolm X resonated with him, Obama wrote: Only Malcolm X’s autobiography seemed to offer something differ- ent. His repeated acts of self-creation spoke to me; the blunt poetry of his words, his unadorned insistence on respect, promised a new and uncompromising order, martial in its discipline, forged through sheer force of will. All the other stuff, the talk of blue-eyed devils and apocalypse, was incidental to that program, I decided . . . . And yet, even as I imagined myself following Malcolm’s call, one line in the book stayed me. He spoke of a wish he’d once had, the wish that the white blood that ran through him, there by an act of violence, might somehow be expunged . . . . I knew that traveling down the road to self-respect my own white blood would never recede into mere abstraction. I was left to wonder what else I would be severing if and when I left my mother and my grandparents at some uncharted border.33 Artfully exploring his course away from whiteness, Obama indi- cated an awareness of the sting of black rejection as well. Obama “de- cided to keep [his] own counsel” after a racial snub by one of his black friends. After being challenged by Obama that “[he had] never read Malcolm. You don’t even know what he says,” Obama was stung by the blistering response—“I don’t need no books to tell me how to be black.”34 He wrote insightfully of his search for racial identity, acknowl- edging how the matter of his own Grandmother’s racial prejudice winded him: “the words were like a fist in [his] stomach.”35 His was a racial quest that was almost painful to read, its earnest probing revealing pro- found racialized loneliness.36 This abandon is also reflected upon, al- most psychoanalytically, in the retelling of his exploratory drug use. Writing of the teenaged angst he felt in negotiating his racial iden- tity, Obama admitted to having managed this anguish, his inexorable racial turmoil, to some extent, through recreational drug use. Instead of using drugs to somehow enhance his racial credibility, Obama “got high 31. BARACK OBAMA, DREAMS FROM MY FATHER: A STORY OF RACE AND INHERITANCE 85 (1995). 32. Id. at 85-86. 33. Id. 34. Id. at 87. 35. Id. at 88-89. 36. Id. at 91 (elaborating upon a conversation he had with an older mentor about the vagaries of segregation, Obama came away thinking that “[t]he earth shook under my feet, ready to crack open at any moment. I stopped, trying to steady myself, and knew for the first time that I was utterly alone.”). File: Nelson final for darby Created on: 3/9/2009 12:20:00 PM Last Printed: 4/3/2009 10:09:00 AM 752 DENVER UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 86.Obama for just the opposite effect, something that could flatten out the landscape of my heart, blur the edges of my memory.”37 Thus, Obama, knowing that to be black was no walk in the park, de- liberately and purposefully chose to take on this identity. While I do not think he could pass as white in any event, his self-construction as black in a world that encounters him as black is still not to be lightly dismissed. I disagree, therefore, with those who would diminish Obama’s black-race credibility—to them racists measure one’s ancestry with niceness and parse one’s racial bona fides with precision. In reality, however, the everyday racist is not so nuanced as to hinge their vitriol upon one’s an- cestry or personal racial deliberations—to them black is black. Yet still this racialized line of detraction proceeds as follows: Obama has not suffered the indignities of racism, and came late to the civil-rights work that was a fact of life for Andrew Young. Ob- ama’s father was African, not American, and Obama was in that sense severed from the struggle and history in which Young played so decisive a role. Yes, he worked as a community organizer in the South Side of Chicago, but this overture was “a determination to be black,” as Shelby Steele so penetratingly describes it in his writing on Obama—a “[quest] for racial authenticity.38 It is my sense that to be a black person in a hegemonic39 white world necessitates a knowing management and negotiation of one’s iden- tity. Indeed these skills become second nature to any person who be- comes a racial “cross-over” success—one learns early to manage and negotiate one’s identity especially in integrated professional spaces. As W.E. B. DuBois early recognized, people of color who live, work or play in predominantly white settings acquire “double-consciousness.”40 He stated that, “It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of meas- 37. Id. at 93-94. 38. Joseph Abrams, Black Like Whom? Obama vs. the Leaders, NATIONAL REVIEW ONLINE, Jan. 16, 2008, http://tinyurl.com/d56kck. 39. I mean to convey that the hegemony, the very system of power and priorities, disburses privileges and benefits in an identitarian manner. At times the maintenance of power requires diver- sity, inclusion, and absorption of those in the minority into the halls of power. Often such gestures are benevolent. At all times, however, the fundamentals of the power structure are maintained even if it calls for the strategic appeasement or incorporation of those who might otherwise agitate for the destruction of the status quo. 40. W.E.B. DUBOIS, THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK 3 (Washington Square Press 1970) (1903) (“After the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world—a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets himself through the revelation of the other world. It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.”).