Race, Politics, and Education in Brazil Race, Politics, and Education in Brazil Affirmative Action in Higher Education Edited by Ollie A. Johnson III and Rosana Heringer RACE, POLITICS, AND EDUCATION IN BRAZIL Copyright © Ollie A. Johnson III and Rosana Heringer, 2015. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-48514-4 All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57043-0 ISBN 978-1-137-48515-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137485151 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Race, politics, and education in Brazil : affirmation action in higher education / edited by Ollie A. Johnson III and Rosana Heringer. pages cm Includes index. 1. Blacks— Education (Higher)—Brazil. 2. Education, Higher—Social aspects— Brazil. 3. Affirmative action programs—Brazil. 4. Education and state—Brazil. I. Johnson, Ollie A., 1962–, editor. LC2805.B6R33 2015 378.198296081—dc23 2015006710 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Amnet. First edition: August 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Abdias do Nascimento (1914–2011), whose life’s work was fighting against white supremacy and social injustice in Brazil and around the world. Ollie A. Johnson III In memory of Professor Carlos Hasenbalg (1943–2014), whose teaching, research, and service continue to inspire us in the struggle against racism and racial inequality in Brazil. Rosana Heringer Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Rosana Heringer and Ollie A. Johnson III 1 Blacks in National Politics 17 Ollie A. Johnson III Appendix 1.1 Afro-Brazilian Deputies by Legislature, State, Party, and Color (1999–2015) 37 Appendix 1.2 Afro-Brazilian Senators by Legislature, State, Party, and Color (1983–2015) 55 Appendix 1.3 Brazilian Political Parties 57 2 From the Black Movement’s Struggle to the Teaching of African and Afro-Brazilian History 59 Amilcar Araujo Pereira 3 Equal Opportunity Policy in Brazil: Black Activism and the State 73 Vera Lúcia Benedito 4 Affirmative Action from the Perspective of International Human Rights: Challenges and Possibilities from the Brazilian Experience 95 Flávia Piovesan 5 Affirmative Action and the Expansion of Higher Education in Brazil 111 Rosana Heringer 6 Afro-Brazilian Support for Affirmative Action 133 Gladys Mitchell-Walthour viii Contents 7 Ambition with Resistance: Affirmative Action in Brazil’s Public Universities 155 Erich Dietrich 8 Affirmative Action in Brazil: Achievements and Challenges 179 João Feres Júnior, Verônica Toste, and Luiz Augusto Campos 9 The Defeat of Quotas within the Racial Equality Statute 199 Sales Augusto dos Santos, João Vitor Moreno, and Dora Lúcia Bertulio Notes on Contributors 223 Index 227 List of Illustrations Table 1.1 Largest Population Groups in Brazil (%) 22 Table 1.2 Afro-Brazilians in the Chamber of Deputies 22 Table 1.3 Black Underrepresentation in the Chamber of Deputies, 55th Legislature 23 Table 1.4 Afro-Brazilians in the Federal Senate 26 Table 1.5 Brazilian Cabinet Ministers by Presidency, 1985 to 2015 28 Table 1.6 Afro-Brazilian Cabinet Members by Administration, Ministry, Party, and State (1985–2015) 29 Table 5.1 Proportion of People between 18 and 24 Years of Age by Color/Race Who Were Attending or Have Concluded Higher Education in Brazil (1997–2011) 112 Table 5.2 Evolution of the Number of Enrollments (Regular and Distance Education) by Management Responsibility (Public or Private)—Brazil (2001–2012) 115 Table 5.3 Percentage of Children Attending School According to School Level, Age, and Color/Race (Brazil 2012) 118 Table 5.4 ENEM Participants According to Race/Color and Type of High School Attended (2011) 118 Table 5.5 Distribution of People between 15 and 24 Years of Age Who Attended School, by Color or Race, According to Level of Education Attended (Brazil 2010) 119 Table 5.6 Distribution of Students between 18 and 24 Years of Age, According to Level of Education and Color/Race—Brazil (2001–2011) 119 Table 6.1 Logistic Regression Analysis of Support of Affirmative Action in Universities and Employment (2006) 142