Race,Nation,andCitizenshipinPostcolonialAfrica Nationalismhasgeneratedviolence,bloodshed,andgenocide,aswellas patriotic sentiments that encourage people to help fellow citizens and placepublicresponsibilitiesabovepersonalinterests.Thisstudyexplores the contradictory character of African nationalism as it unfolded over decadesofTanzanianhistoryinconflictsoverpublicpoliciesconcerning therightsofcitizens,foreigners,andthenation’sAsianminority.These policydebatesreflectedahistoryofracialoppressionandforeigndom- ination and were shaped by a quest for economic development, racial justice,andnationalself-reliance. Ronald Aminzade is Professor of Sociology at the University of Minnesota. He has also taught at the University of Wisconsin– Madison, the University of Lund, and the University of Amsterdam. Hisresearchonthepoliticalconsequencesofcapitalistdevelopmentin nineteenth-centuryFrancehasbeenpublishedinnumerousarticlesand in two books, Ballots and Barricades and Class, Politics, and Early Industrial Capitalism. He is the coeditor of The Social Worlds of Higher Education, on the sociology of education, and Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, on social movements and contentiouspolitics.Hiscurrentresearchfocusesonnationalismandthe politicsofeconomicdevelopmentinEastAfrica. CambridgeStudiesinContentiousPolitics Editors MARK BEISSINGER PrincetonUniversity JACK A. GOLDSTONE GeorgeMasonUniversity MICHAEL HANAGAN VassarCollege DOUG MCADAM StanfordUniversityandCenterforAdvancedStudyinthe BehavioralSciences SARAH SOULE StanfordUniversity SUZANNE STAGGENBORG UniversityofPittsburgh SIDNEY TARROW CornellUniversity CHARLES TILLY (D. 2008) ColumbiaUniversity ELISABETH J. WOOD YaleUniversity DEBORAH YASHAR PrincetonUniversity RinaAgarwala,InFormalLabor,FormalPolitics,andDignifiedDiscontentinIndia RonaldAminzade,Race,Nation,andCitizenshipinPost-ColonialAfrica:TheCase ofTanzania RonaldAminzadeetal.,SilenceandVoiceintheStudyofContentiousPolitics JavierAuyero,RoutinePoliticsandViolenceinArgentina:TheGrayZoneofState Power W.LanceBennettandAlexandraSegerberg,TheLogicofConnectiveAction:Digital MediaandthePersonalizationofContentiousPolitics CliffordBob,TheMarketingofRebellion:Insurgents,Media,andInternational Activism CharlesBrockett,PoliticalMovementsandViolenceinCentralAmerica ValerieBunceandSharonWolchik,DefeatingAuthoritarianLeadersin PostcommunistCountries Lars-ErikCederman,KristianSkredeGleditsch,andHalvardBuhaug,Inequality, Grievances,andCivilWar ChristianDavenport,MediaBias,Perspective,andStateRepression GeraldF.Davis,DougMcAdam,W.RichardScott,andMayerN.Zald,Social MovementsandOrganizationTheory DonatelladellaPorta,ClandestinePoliticalViolence ToddA.Eisenstadt,Politics,Identity,andMexico’sIndigenousRightsMovements DanielQ.Gillion,ThePoliticalPowerofProtest:MinorityActivismandShiftsin PublicPolicy JackA.Goldstone,editor,States,Parties,andSocialMovements TamaraKay,NAFTAandthePoliticsofLaborTransnationalism JosephLuders,TheCivilRightsMovementandtheLogicofSocialChange DougMcAdamandHilaryBoudet,PuttingSocialMovementsinTheirPlace: ExplainingOppositiontoEnergyProjectsintheUnitedStates,2000–2005 DougMcAdam,SidneyTarrow,andCharlesTilly,DynamicsofContention (continuedaftertheindex) Race, Nation, and Citizenship in Postcolonial Africa The Case of Tanzania RONALD AMINZADE UniversityofMinnesota 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107044388 ©RonaldAminzade2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Aminzade,Ronald,1949– Race,nation,andcitizenshipinpost-colonialAfrica:thecaseofTanzania/RonaldAminzade. pagescm.–(Cambridgestudiesincontentiouspolitics) ISBN978-1-107-04438-8 1. Nationalism–Tanzania. 2. Nation-building–Tanzania. 3. Socialism– Tanzania. 4. Neoliberalism–Tanzania. 5. Tanzania–Politicsandgovernment–1964– I. Title. II. Series:Cambridgestudiesincontentiouspolitics. DT448.2.A45 2013 320.5409678–dc23 2013015872 ISBN978-1-107-04438-8Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. To CHUCKTILLY TEACHER,MENTOR,ANDINSPIRATION