ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: URBAN STUDIES Volume 21 RACE AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION ACROSS URBAN LABOR MARKETS RACE AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION ACROSS URBAN LABOR MARKETS SUSANNE SCHMITZ Firstpublishedin1996byGarlandPublishing,Inc. Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2018 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©1996SusanneSchmitz Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilised inanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownor hereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintentto infringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-138-89482-2(Set) ISBN:978-1-315-09987-3(Set)(ebk) ISBN:978-1-138-03695-6(Volume21)(hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-17816-5(Volume21)(ebk) Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthisreprintbut pointsoutthatsomeimperfectionsintheoriginalcopiesmaybeapparent. Disclaimer Thepublisherhasmadeeveryefforttotracecopyrightholdersandwouldwelcome correspondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunabletotrace. RACE AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION ACROSS URBAN LABOR MARKETS S U S A N NE S C H M I TZ G A R L A ND P U B L I S H I N G, INC. NEW YORK & LONDON /1996 Copyright © 1996 Susanne Schmitz All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmitz, Susanne. Race and gender discrimination across urban labor markets / Susanne Schmitz. p. cm. — (Garland studies in the history of American labor) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8153-2392-1 (alk. paper) 1. Discrimination in employment—United States. 2. Sex discrimination in employment—United States. I. Title. II. Series. HD4903.5.U58S32 1996 331.13'3'0973—dc20 96-17462 Printed on acid-free, 250-year-life paper Manufactured in the United States of America For Hannah and Adam Contents List of Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter I. Introduction 3 II. Review of the Literature 5 Introduction 5 Wage Discrimination 7 Human Capital 12 Empirical Findings 14 Occupational Segregation 21 Summary 24 III. Local Labor Markets and Discrimination 25 Introduction 25 Appropriate Definition of a Labor Market 25 Labor Market Conditions and Discrimination .... 29 Model Formulation 34 Summary 42 IV. The Wage Model: Empirical Specification and Results ... 43 Introduction 43 Data 43 Wage Models 47 Wage Decomposition Model 56 Aggregate Wage Model 92 Summary 108 V. The Occupational Distributions of Women and Blacks Relative to White Men 109 Introduction 109 Occupational Distributions 109 Index of Dissimilarity 114 Aggregate Model 146 Empirical Results 150 Summary 156 vii