R E ACE AND THNIC R ELATIONS American and Global Perspectives TENTH EDITION ±±±±±±±±±±±±±± Martin N. Marger Australia(cid:129)Brazil(cid:129)Japan(cid:129)Korea(cid:129)Mexico(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Spain(cid:129)UnitedKingdom(cid:129)UnitedStates Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial Review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. 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B C RIEF ONTENTS PREFACE xv ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxi P 1 ART 1 T N E R HE ATURE OF THNIC ELATIONS 1 CHAPTER Introduction: Some Basic Concepts 3 2 CHAPTER Ethnic Stratification: Majority and Minority 27 3 CHAPTER Tools of Dominance: Prejudice and Discrimination 49 4 CHAPTER Patterns of Ethnic Relations: Assimilation and Pluralism 79 P 2 ART 105 E U S THNICITY IN THE NITED TATES 5 CHAPTER Immigration and the Foundations of the American Ethnic Hierarchy 107 iii Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial Review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. iv BRIEF CONTENTS 6 CHAPTER Native Americans 137 7 CHAPTER African Americans 163 8 CHAPTER Hispanic Americans 209 9 CHAPTER Asian Americans 245 10 CHAPTER White Ethnic Americans 281 11 CHAPTER Jewish Americans 311 12 CHAPTER Arab Americans 337 13 CHAPTER The Changing Context of American Race and Ethnic Relations: Current and Future Issues 365 P 3 ART 391 E R C P THNIC ELATIONS IN OMPARATIVE ERSPECTIVE 14 CHAPTER South Africa: Society in Transition 393 15 CHAPTER Brazil: Racial and Ethnic Democracy? 421 16 CHAPTER Canada: Ethnic Model of the Future? 449 17 CHAPTER Global Issues of Ethnic Conflict and Change 481 GLOSSARY 515 REFERENCES 521 INDEX 581 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial Review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. C ONTENTS PREFACE xv ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxi P 1 ART 1 T N E R HE ATURE OF THNIC ELATIONS 1 CHAPTER Introduction: Some Basic Concepts 3 The Global Nature of Ethnic Relations 4 Race and Ethnic Relations 5 Basic Questions 6 A Comparative Approach 7 Ethnic Groups 7 Characteristics of Ethnic Groups 7 Ethnicity as a Variable 11 Race 12 Race as a Biological Notion 12 The Social Construction of Race 14 Race and Ethnicity: A Synthesis 16 Racism 17 The Ideology of Racism 17 The Functions of Racism 19 The Development of Racism 20 Cultural Racism 23 v Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial Review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi CONTENTS SUMMARY 24 CRITICALTHINKING 25 PERSONAL/PRACTICALAPPLICATION 26 2 CHAPTER Ethnic Stratification: Majority and Minority 27 Stratification Systems 27 Power and Stratification 28 Stratification and Ideology 28 Ethnic Stratification Systems 29 Minority Groups 29 Types of Minorities 30 Dominant Groups 32 Middleman Minorities 34 The Relativity of Dominant and Minority Status 36 Ethnic Strata: Clarity and Mobility 36 Ethnicity, Class, and Power 38 The Relationship of Ethnicity to Social Class and Power 39 Ethnicity, Class, and Power Reconsidered 40 The Origins of Ethnic Stratification 42 Forms of Contact 42 Outcomes of Contact 43 Minority Responses to Subordination 45 Pluralistic Minorities 45 Assimilationist Minorities 46 Secessionist Minorities 46 Militant Minorities 47 SUMMARY 47 CRITICALTHINKING 48 PERSONAL/PRACTICALAPPLICATION 48 3 CHAPTER Tools of Dominance: Prejudice and Discrimination 49 Prejudice 50 Stereotypes 51 Social Distance 56 Discrimination 57 The Range of Discriminatory Behavior 58 Types and Levels of Discrimination 59 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination 62 Psychological Theories 63 Normative Theories 66 Power-Conflict Theories 71 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination: An Assessment 76 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. 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CONTENTS vii SUMMARY 77 CRITICALTHINKING 77 PERSONAL/PRACTICALAPPLICATION 78 4 CHAPTER Patterns of Ethnic Relations: Assimilation and Pluralism 79 Theoretical Models of Ethnic Relations 80 Conflict and Order 80 Assimilation 81 Dimensions of Assimilation 82 Theories of Assimilation 85 Factors Affecting Assimilation 88 Assimilation as a Societal Goal 90 Pluralism 91 Systems of Ethnic Pluralism 92 Pluralism in the United States 96 The Variability of Ethnic Relations 97 A Typology of Multiethnic Societies 98 Colonial (Segregationist) Societies 100 Corporate Pluralistic (Multicultural) Societies 100 Assimilationist Societies 101 SUMMARY 102 CRITICALTHINKING 102 PERSONAL/PRACTICALAPPLICATION 103 P 2 ART 105 E U S THNICITY IN THE NITED TATES 5 CHAPTER Immigration and the Foundations of the American Ethnic Hierarchy 107 The Social, Political, and Economic Factors of Immigration 108 The Onset of Large-Scale Immigration 108 The Structural Forces of Modern Immigration 108 Individual Dynamics of Immigration 109 Settlement and Adaptation 112 Early Immigration to America and the Establishment of Anglo Dominance 113 Population Components 113 Creation of the Dominant Ethnic Culture 114 European Immigration: The First and Second Waves 117 The “Old Immigration”: The First Great Wave 117 The “New Immigration”: The Second Great Wave 119 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii CONTENTS The Newest Immigration: The Third Great Wave 123 Characteristics of the Newest Immigration 125 Contemporary Immigration as a Global Phenomenon 130 The American Ethnic Configuration 130 “Official” Racial and Ethnic Classifications 131 The American Ethnic Hierarchy Today 134 SUMMARY 135 CRITICALTHINKING 136 PERSONAL/PRACTICALAPPLICATION 136 6 CHAPTER Native Americans 137 Conquest and Adaptation 137 European Contact 138 Displacement and Depopulation 139 Government Policies and American Indians 141 American Indian Demographics 146 American Indians in the Class System 150 Socioeconomic Status 150 Recent Economic Projects 152 Prejudice and Discrimination 154 The White View of Native Americans 155 Violence Against American Indians 157 Assimilation and American Indians 157 Cultural Assimilation 157 Structural Assimilation 159 SUMMARY 160 CRITICALTHINKING 161 PERSONAL/PRACTICALAPPLICATION 162 7 CHAPTER African Americans 163 Development of the Black Minority 163 Slavery: Paternalistic Domination 164 Racial Caste: The Jim Crow Era 168 Fluid Competition: The Modern Era 172 Black Demographics 177 African Americans in the Class System 180 The Economic Status of African Americans 180 Explaining the Black-White Economic Gap 187 African Americans and Societal Power 190 Prejudice and Discrimination 191 Residential Discrimination 192 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. 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