QUESTION BANK – 2011-12 Class -XII Subject - ENGLISH Section A - READING 1. Read the following passage carefully. 1. Mount Everest has long attracted the curiosity of mystics, scientists and thrill seekers, who have for centuries risked their lives to reach the top of its treacherous peak. Their sometimes-deadly adventures have been documented at length in magazines, movies and books around the world. But little has been written about how the fabled Himalayas threaten the lives of thousands of villagers who live in the valleys below. 2. Earthquakes ruble through the region as the collision between tectonic plates beneath the continents of Asia and India continue to push the towering Himalayas even higher. Villagers in the foothills also fall prey to frequent avalanches, floods and landslides unleashed by melting glaciers and monsoon rains. 3. Due to global warming glacier-related disasters are on the rise. The risks increase during the summer months, when warm temperatures and monsoon rains shrink the enormous sheets of ice. And as the warm, wet weather of the Himalayan summer sets in, scientists warn that chances of disaster grow every day. 4. Glacial melting already has begun to wreak havoc, scientists suspect. Last August in Nepal, during the hottest year on record, landslides and flashfloods left more than 350 dead and 10,000 families homeless. Since 1954 more than 7,000 people have died in 11 major floods in Bangladesh. And this year's monsoon rains have spread water-borne diseases, fever, influenza and stomach ailments throughout Bangladesh, India and Nepal. 5. One reason for these catastrophes, scientists said, is that Himalayan glaciers- formed by more than 2 million years of snowfall-are receding faster than ever before. As the glaciers continue to shrink, landslides, ice avalanches and floods will increase, scientist warn. 6. 'Catastrophic natural processes triggered by these glacial changes are responsible for considerable death and destruction throughout the mountains, , said Jagdish Bahadur, who wrote a scientific report on the topic. Ice avalanches, which occur when glaciers melt on steep slopes and slide down sparsely vegetated valleys, and landslides, cascading boulders and debris unleashed when melting glaciers dislodge them, have caused hundreds of deaths in the year alone. 7. But some of the most devastating effects of glacier meltdown occur when glacial lakes overflow. These lakes, which are formed throughout the mountain range by melting glaciers, threaten to flood entire valleys, putting tens of thousands of people's lives at risk. For decades glacier ice and debris have acted like natural dams to contain the growing lakes. But when melting glaciers feed the lakes faster than water can drain, a violent torrent ofliquid and debris often escapes as pressure in the burgeoning lake causes it to literally push past the glacier ice or debris that holds it back. Due to rapid glacial melting, these' glacial lake outburst floods'- once a rarity- have become a frequent occurrence. 8. The chances of a glacial lake outburst increases in the summer, when glaciers melt, and rainwater from the monsoon season adds pressure to the swelling lakes, according to Paul Mayewski, director of the Climate Change Research Center at the University of New Hampshire. Scientists also say that global warming has accelerated the formation of glacial lakes. The Bulletin of Water and Energy Commission (WEC) has labelled many of these lakes as 'dangerous'. 9. 'We're constantly worried by forecasts about these lakes rupturing,' Pemba Sherpa, a resident of Monjo village, which is located close to the high-risk Imja glacier lake, told the World Wildlife Fund. But a lack of funding coupled with the difficulty and dangers associated with accessing the glaciers have made it nearly impossible to even monitor them. 10. There is a need to monitor high altitude glaciated regions to understand the natural processes and the magnitude of natural hazards for mitigation measures,' Bahadur stated. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is trying to establish a monitoring system that will warn endangered villagers when a glacial outburst or landslide is imminent The program also would monitor potentially high-risk lakes, which can be drained to reduce the risk of a disaster. 11. If global warming is the culprit for glacier recession, then the huge masses of ice of the Himalayas will one day melt away altogether. 'Glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high,' stated a recent report by the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI). Though the disappearance of the glaciers would bring an end to the deadly floods and landslides that plague the region, another disaster would follow. 12. Without glacier melt water, many lakes and rivers that serve as lifelines for millions of people could dry up. And about 10 percent of the world's population-500 million people-would be at risk of losing their water supply. 1.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the following questions as briefly as possible. 8 a) Why are the Himalayas prone to earthquakes? 1 b) In what ways does the warm and wet weather of the Himalayan summer prove to be devastating? 2 c) What threat do melting glaciers pose to people living in the Himalayan region? 1 d) What is the role being played by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to reduce the risk of the disasters caused by glaciers? 1 e) What is causing the Himalayan glaciers to melt? 1 f) What will happen when the Himalayan glaciers have melted? 2 1.2 Pick out the words/phrases form the passage which mean the same as: 4 a) Cause a lot of destruction (Para 4) b) Disaster; devastation (para 5) c) Set off; caused (Para 6) d) To crack or break (Para 9) 2. Read the following passage carefully. 1. The World Cup is considered the apex of soccer competition. Held once every four years, it brings together some of the world's best footballers, all of whom attempt to do their respective nations proud by winning the coveted trophy. 2. The 1994 world Cup, held in the United States of America, was no different from its predecessors. Traditional favourites, like Brazil and Italy produced moments of sheer poetry on the pitch while newcomers like Nigeria and Saudi Arabia put up gallant performances. However, the event will be remembered with a tinge of sadness. The otherwise spectacular competition was marred by the murder of Colombian defender, Andres Escobar. 3. TIle Colombian team had entered the World Cup in a blaze of glory. Undefeated in the qualifying rounds, they had even trounced the 1986 champions, Argentina, with a five-goal win. Soccer is known to evoke high passions amongst fans, but in Colombia, where soccer is said to be 'bigger than religion,' expectations soared to fever pitch. 4. The team was captained by Carlos Valderrama, a two-time winner of the South America Player oftlae Year Award. With brilliant attackers, Freddy Fincon and Faustino Asprilla, Colombia seemed indomitable and were even touted to be the next champions. 5. However, undone by over-confidence, the Colombians lost their opening match to Romania. After witnessing such a dismal performance, the press and fans began to wonder if the accolades heaped upon Colombia had been premature. 6. Currently, the Colombian nation has the dubious reputation ofhaving the highest rate of violence in the world for a country not at war. Home to the Medellin and Cali cartels, it is notorious for being the drug capital of the world. Drug lords are responsible for tainting Colombia's soccer league as players and officials are often bribed. 7. Those who defy the drug cartels are ruthlessly dealt with. In 1983, Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla was slain, months after alleging that several football clubs were run by drug traffickers. In 1989, referee Alvaro Oriega was killed after a match. He had disallowed a goal by Deportivo Independeiente and sent off one of its players. Apparently, the team's defeat caused the drug lords to lose huge sums of money. 8. Following their loss, the Colombian squad began to receive death threats. Coach Francisco Maturana was coerced into removing player, Gabriel Jaime Gomez, whose family had been similarly threatened. 9. Demoralized and now petrified, Colombia performed badly in their match against the Americans. It was in the thirty-fourth minute of the match that Andres Escobar made a dreadful mistake. He slid on his right foot to cut off an attack by American, John Harkes. Unfortunately, he inadvertently directed the ball past goalkeeper Oscar Cordoba, into his own net. America's second goal, via Ernie Stewart, sealed Colombia's fate. Colombia managed a last minute goal but it was too late, after two defeats, they were eliminated from the competition. 10. In a letter to a Colombian newspaper, Escobar tried to placate fans. He reasoned, 'Life does not end here.' It was a double irony that he was brutally shot barely forty-eight hours after returning to his beloved hometown of Medellin. The drug mafia, who had lost millions of dollars in bets, are believed to be responsible. The 'murder was tragic for it was excessive punishment for a mistake that could have been committed by the best of players. 11. Andres Escobar, who had represented Colombia in fifty-eight games and two World Cups, was considered one of their first central defenders. A humble and friendly man, he was called 'the gentleman of Colombian soccer' and admired by many. Thousands of fans including Colombian President respect to their slain hero. Sickened by the instance violence plaguing their country, they chanted protests against the drug lords as they escorted the body to its final pIa of rest. 2.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage answer the following questions as briefly as possible. a) Why is the World Cup considered the pinnacle of soccer competition? b) What does the writer imply when he says that Brazilians and Italians produced 'sheer try' on the pitch? 1 c) Give an example from the passage to suggest that Colombians are ardent fans of soccer? d) Why is the Columbian team described as entering the tournament in 'a blaze of glory? e)In what way have the drug cartels 'tainted' Columbian soccer? f) Andres Escobar made a dreadful mistake. What was it? g) Why was Andres Escobar's death considered a 'double irony'? 2.2 Pick out the words/phrases from the passage which mean the same as: a) Unconquerable; determined (Para 4) b) Out of control; unchecked (para 6) c) Pacify; calm down (Para 10) d) Refuse to respect or to obey (Para 7) 3. Read the following passage carefully. 1. During the latter part of the eighth century AD a fierce, bold race of pirates periodically left their homelands to raid the coasts of Europe. Easily recognizable with their tall, muscular figures, blue eyes and flaxen or red hair, they hailed from Scandinavia, or present day Norway, Denmark and Sweden. They were called the Norsemen and those who participated in the raids were known as the Vikings. 2. At home, the Vikings were mainly farmers or stockmen. Hence, their expeditions were timed to coincide with the lull periods. These were during spring, after the seeds were sown, and in autumn, after the crops were harvested. 3. Their large oak ships were rowed by forty to sixty oarsmen. They were adorned with colourful sails and burnished shields. The arched bows, carved into shapes of dragons, earned the vessels the label, 'dragon ships'. 4. The Vikings would stake unsuspecting villages at dawn. Christian monasteries were popular targets as they possessed many treasures and were defenseless. Armed with swords and battleaxes the Vikings killed those who came in their way and departed with as much loot as possible. Young men and women who were spared served the Vikings as slaves. Later, many released after the advent of Christianity. 5. Between 740 and 1050 AD the Vikings grew in strength. At the pinnacle of their supremacy, they colonized Iceland, Northern France and large parts of Britain and Ireland. They had also attacked the Lapps. Finns, Russians, North Africans and parts of the Roman Empire. In tin1e, the Vikings developed trade with the Europeans in place of piracy. 6. Till today, their legacy is evident in Britain and Ireland. For instance, many countries have names ending with 'by', like Derby, Rugby and Kirby. In Danish, 'by' means home or village. In turn, most of the Norse became Christians by 1000 AD, mostly through Irish influence. Christianity also thrived because the Norwegian king, Olaf Tryggvason was so devout that he threatened those who refused conversion with military action. 7. The success of the Vikings can be attributed to their culture, which placed great emphasis on courage and might. Norsemen were trained in self-defense and encouraged to partake in sports like swimming, rowing and riding. Hence, the Vikings became tough and highly adaptable warriors. Young Norsemen were eager to participate in these expeditions as they promised fortune, glory and even noble rank. However, they had to prove their worth since only the elite would be selected. 8. Religion was also a motivating factor. Much of the Viking mythology was inspired by warrior gods, who battled for noble causes. Valhalla, their heaven, was not an eternal abode for all good souls. Only those who had died an honourable death in battle could gain entry. Believing that heroic action was the highest possible good, the Vikings were willing to take up challenges and risks, which undoubtedly led them to a great many discoveries. Their superior navigational skills also distinguished them as intrepid travellers. 9. Much of the Vikings' history has been gleaned from their legendary tales, called 'sagas', which comes from the Norse verb meaning 'say' or 'tell'. Sagas began as a form of entertainment during feasts and related the Vikings' mythical past, discoveries, feuds and eventual conversion to Christianity. 10. The European clergy disapproved of their fables, considering them sacrilegious. However, the Vikings were determined to preserve their heritage. Their culture endured because of their distance from Europe. Moreover, their Christian leaders did not object to their storytelling. 11. It was customary for Viking warriors to be buried in long-ships with valuables, clothes and chariots, which were believed to be useful in "the afterlife. The ships, excavated in Scandinavia and former colonies, emerged in good condition. They had been embedded in clay or ice, which preserved them over centuries. The treasures remained intact as they were made of durable materials like gold, silver and stone. These graves have illuminated us about their past glory. 3.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage answer the following questions as briefly as possible. a) What set the Vikings apart from the other races? 1 b) When did the Vikings undertake their expeditions? Why? 2 c) Why did the Vikings attack the villages at dawn? 1 d) Why did the Vikings attack Christian monasteries? 1 e) Why did the Vikings free the slaves they had captured? 1 f) How did religion inspire the VIkings to attain greater heights? 2 3.2 Pick out the words/phrases from the passage which mean the same as: 4 a) Decorated (Para 3) b) Fearless and brave (Para 8) c) Blasphemous; disrespectful towards religion (Para 10) d) To make metal smooth and shiny by rubbing (Para 3) 4. Read the following passage carefully. 1. Traces of mercury found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC bear mercury has been known to man since ancient times. Mercury has a silver gray appearance and is the only metal which exists in liquid form at ordinary temperature. A dense element mercury is thirteen and a half times heavier than water. 2. These attributes fascinated medieval alchemists and earned it the nickname ‘quicksilver’ or live, fluid silver. It is represented by the chemical symbol Hg, derived from the Greek word hydor, meaning 'water' and argyros, meaning 'silver'. 3. Early physicians used it in medicines and antiseptics but in contemporary society, mercury is utilized in various scientific instruments. Its great range between melting and and boiling points makes it an important component in changes in thermometers. Responsive to pressure, it is used in barometers to measure weather. Since it expands when heated, it is used in thermostats and power switches. 4. Mercury has also gained a foothold is a number of industries. It serves as a fungus and mould deterrent in the laundry, home decorating, building and agricultural industries. In paper factories, it inhibits the growth of slime. Metallurgical industries employ mercury to form alloy because it mixes readily with other powdered metals. Gold is extracted from its ore through amalgamation. In this process, mercury forms an alloy or amalgam with gold. When heated, the mercury dissolves, leaving the gold residue. 5. While it has become indispensable to scientific and technological progress, mercury has also been a cause of concern. Mercury is a toxic or 'heavy' metal. Besides its mind or quiicksilver state, it also comes in inorganic and organic forms. Inorganic compounds include mercuric chloride and mercuric sulphate, and are used in industrial processes. Organic co. like phenyl and dimethyl mercury, are the most lethal of them all. 6. Our bodies utilize certain metals as iron to aid metabolism, but others, like mercury an lead, serve no function whatsoever and are even detrimental to our health. The threat of poisoning is even more unnerving since mercury can be absorbed through our skins and mucous membranes, which line the various cavities in our anatomy. 7. The unrestrained use of mercury by ruthless corporations, bent on profits, and governments, eager for industrial expansion has led to dire repercussions. In the nineteenth centaury heat makers used a mercury compound to treat beaver fur for hats. The noxious fumes inhaled resulted in hallucinations, lack of concentration and extreme mood swings. So chromic were their symptoms that the phrase 'as mad as a hatter' became commonplace. Hatters are no longer subject to such conditions but industrial pollution remains rampant. 8. One of the worst cases of mercury poisoning occurred in 1953 in the Minamata region of the Japanese island of Kyushu. Mercury was used to manufacture a plastic called polyvinyl chloride and toxic wastes were indiscriminately discharged into the rivers. These were inorganic compounds but underwent chemical reactions en route the coasts to transform into deadly organic substances. This caused the fish to be unfit for consumption. 9. Cats, whose diets consisted solely of fish, were the first to show peculiar symptoms. With glazed eyes, they staggered about convulsed before falling into comas and dying. Within a year, the symptoms were manifested in the human population. Victims suffered seizures. impaired hearing and speech and lost muscular coordination. 43 lives were claimed and 68 people were critically handicapped. 4.1 on the basis of your reading of the passage answer the following questions as briefly as possible. a) How do scientists conclude Mercury has been known to man since early times? b) Why has Mercury been called quicksilver? C) Why is mercury used in the manufacture of thermometers? d) Why mercury can be detrimental to human health. Give reasons. e) What role did mercury play in getting hatters termed as ‘mad’? f) Why were fish at Minamata unfit for human and animal consumption? g) What proof did scientist have to support the theory that pregnant mothers passed on the fish food toxicity to their babies? 4.2 Pick out the words / phrases from the passage which mean the opposite of: a) Contemporary b) Encourage: accelerates c) contained: under check d) lasting for a long time 5. Read the following passage carefully: of the fruit and manipulates it to a suitable position for cracking. 4. The researchers managed to identify the macaw's diet by inspecting fallen fruits and seeds. These remains had scoop-shaped marks from the macaw's hooked bills. Seeds form the staple of the macaw's diet, although they occasionally consume the pulp of certain fruits. Undiscriminating in their selection of seeds and naturally curious, they sample everything the forest has to offer. 5. Each morning, the clay cliffs at Peru's Tambopata River are besieged with a riot of colours. With such an abundant supply of food at their disposal, it is indeed peculiar that the macaws eat the clay! The clay probably fortifies them with salts and minerals. deficient in their largely vegetariarl diet. Some of the seeds that the macaws devour contain toxic compounds and the clay, acting as a detoxifying agent, counters any ill-effects. 6. Macaws constantly communicate with one another and unite to ward off any predators. When an eagle attempts to attack flocks feasting at the cliffs, ten adult macaws immediately circle the eagle form above. The eagle is rendered helpless as it can only attack by swooping downwards. The macaws then assault it with their piercing shrieks till it leaves. 7. Hunting and intense development projects, causing deforestation and pollution have seen the Latin American macaws dwindle in numbers. Some, like the Brazilian Spix, are on the brink of extinction. While the Peruvian macaws have been protected by the remote and impenetrable jungles, they are not completely invulnerable to certain pressures. 8. The macaws have low reproduction rates due to shortage of ideal nests in the cavities of trees. Of the few macaws born, even fewer survive into adulthood. This is because macaw parents feed older nestling first, causing the younger siblings to die from undernourishment. 9. Scientists solved the housing problem by building artificial nests using a durable plastic called PVC. The exterior of these pipes was burnt and scrubbed \\ith a steel brush to simulate the texture of the tree trunks. In addition, they boosted the macaw population by tending to the weaker nestlings, who were returned to the wild upon reaching maturity. 10. The Wildlife Conservation Society also developed a tourist industry, whereby the native Machiguenga Indians run bungalows and guide tourists to the wild macaws. This industry has caused the macaws to appreciate in value and has earned the natives much needed income. This programme not only gives the natives an incentive to preserve the macaws but also promotes ecological consciousness. 11. The Peruvian government has curtailed poaching by outlawing the export of its tropical birds in 1973. It has also established reserves like the Manu National Park. This wildlife haven extends over 3.7 million acres and is a sanctuary to a plethora of animals and plants. Indeed, with such allies championing its cause, the macaws will undoubtedly thrive. 5.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage answer the following questions as briefly as possible. a) What methods do the scientists employ to locate the macaws? 1 b) The writer describes tracking macaws as an 'exacting task'. What does he mean by the term?! c) Despite the availability of food, why do the macaws eat clay? 2 d) Macaws have proved that 'unity is strength'. How have they done this? 1 e) Why are the numbers of macaws dwindling? 1 f) What efforts are being undertaken to prevent macaws becoming extinct? 5.2 Pick out the wor phrases from the passage which mean the same as a) fascinated (para 2) b) unable to . 0 and act on the difference between good and bad (para 4) c) reduced or limited (para 11) d) a way of hiding or disguising (para 2) 6. Read the following passage carefully: 1. The story of our ancestors on their long road to human civilization begins in East Africa, at a gorge called Olduvai, where scientists stumbled across the fossilized remains of animals that provide an invaluable link with the past. What is more, quantities of strangely-shaped stones were found nearby, which could have been crude tools for cutting and slicing meat. Then came other significant discoveries - the 'fossilized remains of skulls, not altogether human, but with features markedly similar to those of humans. Such finds, together with the strangely-shaped likely evidence of creatures which were developing a primitive intelligence, and not just on jaws and teeth to get their food. 2. Even so, discoveries such as these are painfully few. 1bis is not surprising when we consider how rare it is to find a few bones of anything that perished countless years ago. When a creature died on open plains of Africa, the scent of its decay sooner or later attracted other animals of all kinds. They devoured the soft tissue and crushed the bones in their jaws. Hardly any trace of its existence would be left. A very few carcasses, however, sank into the muddy shores of lakes of rivers they lay hidden from other animals. Then the gradual process of fossilization began. Ever so slowly, bone and tissue turned into stone. 3. Fossil finds alone will not tell the whole story, however, Scientists have to take into account what the world was like when our earliest ancestors began to appear. Two million years ago, the gorge at Olduvai would have held a great lake, and around its shores animals would have swarmed in abundance. But their world was slowly changing as the planet underwent major alterations of climate. A drastic cooling of the earth's surface meant that the rich forests of Africa began to die off and the almost endless canopy of trees broke up into scattered areas, each isolated from the other. So, too, the lush plants and vegetation began to dwindle; the forests no longer provided an ever ready supply of food for the creatures that roamed them, as bare, open grassland took over the landscape. Now, in their struggle, to survive, they had to keep moving to where food cold be found. It was about that time, so scientists believe, that our ancestors emerged. They faced the same problems as their fellow creatures; they, too, had to learn how to search out food in the ,wide plains of Africa and acquire essential skills of survival. 4. But these ancestors of ours did not acquire these skills overnight, nor did they enter these open plains like people rushing to stake a claim in empty territory; they were competing for a place in an environment already significantly populated with other animals, experts by now in exploiting the food resources of the open plains. Our ancestors shared the same habitat with creatures that would snap at their feet, trying to steal their meal as they were eating it, or would pace menacingly around nearby. It was physically impossible to master them; our ancestors simply had to stay out of their reach. 5. Besides, life on the African plain was very much at the mercy of the different weather seasons. The dry season meant lean times, and many animals had to be content with tough, low-quality vegetation, which was the only food around in any quantity. But our ancestors did not go on depending on this poor quality food. They began looking for new opportunities to get at tastier foods. 6. What they discovered was that the African plains contained plants that hid their juicier parts underground. In the dry season, when other edible plants above ground grew scarce, the roots and bulbs of these special plants provided rich and healthy eating - but all of it below the surface, available only to animals that could claw it out. Lacking the specialized claws and teeth needed to get at these prized foods, our ancestors learnt how to fashion a stick or stone to dig out the succulent roots of plants. 7. By now our ancestors were clearly acquiring an even more valuable skill, that of knowledge - not just in knowing their own habitat in close detail. They came to recognize the habits of other creatures, and to turn them to their advantages. Circling vultures promised the remains of some animal killed not far away, a meal for the taking if they got there soon enough. They knew that adult antelopes, while impossible to catch, sometimes left their young in grass and went off to browse. Our hungry ancestors could pluck the infant like ready fruit, if they knew where to look. 8. In time they probably came to rely a great deal on communicating knowledge such as this to one another. This communication undoubtedly gave them the edge over many oftheir four-footed rivals in prizing out the secret scraps of energy-giving food that dotted the landscape. They could make something of a living that way, if they relied on each other and carefully avoided known dangers. Our early ancestors managed to survive, but only barely. A hard road lay ahead on their progress towards dominion over the Earth. 6.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage answer the following question as briefly as possible. a) Why did it take a long time to discover evidence of our ancestors? 1 b) What is the discovery that led the scientists to believe that the primitive man was not an unintelligent creature? 1 c) What are fossils? Why do scientists study fossils? 2 d) How did dwindling forests affect the life of our ancestors? 1 e) What threat did the wild animals pose for our ancestors? 1 f) Why was it not possible for our ancestors to master the animals around them? 1 g) How did knowledge of their habitat help our ancestors? 1 6.2 Pick out the words/phrases from the passage which mean the same as: 4 a) discovered something by chance (para 1) b) got control of (para 3) c) in a situation where someone or something has complete power over you (para 5) d) a threatning quality (para 4) 7. Read the following passage carefully. 1. When a brave mountaineer is assailing the Everest he is as great a hero as a cosmonaut rocketing towards Mars in his space capsule, and thousands of men and women in different countries back his progress with their good wishes and share the thrills and anxieties of his hazardous journey to the roof of the world, while scores of anxious scientists wish him success in the hope of obtaining valuable information on atmospheric conditions in the upper regions of the earth. Mountaineering is indeed a source of pleasure and a mine of useful knowledge which is indeed a source of pleasure and amine of useful knowledge which is constantly enriching the scientific vocabulary of geologists, mineralogists and glaciologists of the world 2. Mountaineering is a perennial source of joy to those who have eyes that can appreciate the beauties of nature. Nowhere does nature reveal her charm in greater abundance than as green and flowering mountain tops with transparent streams of water flowing down their slopes or on snow-clad hills where sunlight weaves its magic colours into their virginal whiteness. To lovers of mountains the sound of waterfalls is like the joyful clapping of merry primitive dancers and the howling of night winds contains a musical pleasantness which surpasses the highly sustained rhapsodies of man-made organs. Lakes in high altitudes, holding within their cup-like mountainous enclosures the watery wealth of surrounding glaciers, treeless plateaus covered with rare varieties of grass, plants and flowers and yawning chasms into whose dark, unfathomable interior nature's countless species of animals and plants carry on their fight for existence, are attractions so powerful and irresistible that no man or woman who is a member of a mountaineering party or club can turn a deaf ear to their call. These widely scattered, ever alluring treasures of nature are the climber's greatest inducement to wander with a hungry heart in search of beauty, adventure and fame along the dangerous slopes of sky-embracing heights. 3. Mountaineering is an awfully risky venture in the case of those ambitious souls who are dreaming of conquering such majestic peaks as Annapurna, Dhaulagiri and Everest, and who wish to be ranked among the world's greatest climbers, Sir Edmund P. Hillary and Tenzing Norgey. Dozens of adventurers belonging to different nations with their hearts burning with a passion to conquer the highest peak in the world perished in the immortal snows of the Himalayas, after painfully inching their way to heights which were in close proxirnityto the summit Expedition after expedition turned back exhausted, frostbitten, and utterly disappointed when the mighty Himalayas hurled icy winds, snowstorms and blizzards at those who wanted to conquer Everest thus barring their way to this pinnacle of glory. The bones of many men of unrealized ambition lie buried in the glacial wilderness which is the home of the highest peak in the world. Such awful setbacks, however, did not dampen the enthusiasm of succeeding generations of mountaineers; the failure of early expeditions did not deter Colonel Hunt and his brave companions from