PPoorrttllaanndd SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy PPDDXXSScchhoollaarr Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Summer 8-27-2013 BBeeyyoonndd tthhee YYeellllooww BBrriicckk RRooaadd:: QQuueeeerr LLooccaalliizzaattiioonn iinn tthhee AAggee ooff AAnniittaa BBrryyaanntt,, 11997744--11998800 Stewart John Van Cleve Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, Social Influence and Political Communication Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits you. RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Van Cleve, Stewart John, "Beyond the Yellow Brick Road: Queer Localization in the Age of Anita Bryant, 1974-1980" (2013). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1081. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1081 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Beyond the Yellow Brick Road Queer Localization in the Age of Anita Bryant, 1974-1980 by Stewart John Van Cleve A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Urban Studies Thesis Committee: Carl Abbott, Chair Ann Mussey Charles Heying Portland State University 2013 Abstract Collective memories of gay rights in the late 1970s offer a conflicted portrait of Anita Bryant, an infamous anti-gay personality who inspired, organized, or funded four anti-gay referendums between 1976 and 1978. This paper employs J. Jack Halberstam's concept of "metronormativity" in an analysis of campaigns that fought to preserve local gay rights laws in Miami and Eugene, the first and last of Bryant’s four “target cities.” Using L. Frank Baum’s Wizard of Oz as a metaphor, I compare the beginning of Bryant’s role as a leader in Miami to her subsequent role as a specter of national controversy in Eugene. I posit that gay rights leaders in Miami struggled in terms of “queer localization,” the ability to localize their ideas, claims, and needs to the voting majority. The loss of gay rights, I argue, led to an inversion of metronormativity in which the outcome of the Eugene referendum affected gay politics in the larger city of Portland, Oregon. I conclude with a comparison of Anita Bryant and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk that suggests both figures created a metronormative myth that can be understood critically in terms of leaving the Yellow Brick Road. i Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................i List of Figures............................................................................................................iii Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 A Witch in the Storm: The Fight in Dade County, 1976-1977..............................28 Chapter 3 Surrender in the Emerald City: The Loss in Eugene, 1974-1978..........................52 Chapter 4 Conclusion: Memories Behind the Curtain............................................................79 Bibliography..........................................................................................................86 ii List of Figures Figure 1.0: Comparison of Anita Bryant, 1975 and 1977..........................................4 Figure 1.1: Map of the “target cities” and locations of the Club Bathhouse chain....9 Figure 1.2: Diagram of “metronormativity”..............................................................15 Figure 1.3: Diagram of “queer localization”.............................................................21 Figure 1.4: Photograph of San Francisco Gay Pride march, 1978............................24 iii Introduction “It has long seemed easy to dismiss the decade as a time caught between the militant, heady exuberance of the 1960s and the revival of materialism and the market that defined the 1980s. How to make sense of a period known best by what it was not?” -Kim Phillips-Fein Bookended by urban riots and the landslide election of Ronald Reagan, the 1970s have become, in the words of Kim Phillips-Fein, “a period known best by what it is not.” Its superficial artifacts--disco, feathered hair, pet rocks--suggest a transitory culture without meaning, a waiting period between the radical activism of the past and the rampant consumerism of an impending future. If the first half of the twentieth century imparted narratives of survival, heroics, and the triumphs of American life, the seventies seemingly left a wake of novelties, absences, lies, and failures.1 But contradictions between the decade’s superficiality and evidence of its depth--Watergate, Network, the fall of Saigon, the Bronx in flames--shape, in the favorite words of the era’s activists, a more complex legacy of the seventies as a period of “consciousness-raising.” The decade failed to give a cohesive narrative only because it ushered a widespread acknowledgement of paradox in the concept of a monolithic U.S. culture. Recent films set in the 1970s have reinvigorated the decade’s many contradictions. One of those, Gus Van Sant’s Milk (2008), offers an early-21st century perspective on how the late 1970s must have looked for the lesbian and gay rights movement in San Francisco. In the film, Harvey Milk faces off against fellow Supervisor Dan White and California State Senator John Briggs, but a third foe receives a different 1 Kim Phillips-Fein, “Decisive Decade: Re-evaluating the Seventies,” Dissent, Volume 58, Number 1, Winter 2011, 90. 1 kind of cinematic attention; an infamous anti-gay crusader, Anita Bryant, only haunts the screen in sporadic newsreels. Despite her comparable absence in the movie, Van Sant used Bryant’s appearances to invoke deep memories. When I saw the film at a pre-release screening in Minneapolis, for example, the audience hissed and booed at the very sight of her face, despite her complete absence from the San Francisco storyline. In the lens of the camera, Bryant was both reduced to a newsreel and expanded into a touchstone of national prejudice. Her face became a contradictory memorial to the decade she helped shape. Milk gives perspective on how lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) social movements and countercultures exposed one of the seventies’ most incongruous memories as a paradoxical kaleidoscope of realities.2 The memory of Anita Bryant reveals that the 1970s can be understood as dialectic of contradictions. In this introduction, I will first give a brief overview of Bryant’s role in two voter referendums that rescinded gay nondiscrimination protections in the cities of Miami, Florida in 1977 and Eugene, Oregon in 1978. The two referendums reveal that she played concomitant parts on a national stage; she was a lightning rod of controversy and a key force that recast dominant perceptions of urban queer life in terms of what queer theorist Jack Halberstam identifies as “metronormativity.” Throughout the two-year controversy, national media compared Anita Bryant’s world to urban communities of vocal, wealthy, and white gay men. Those men ignored lesbians, people of color, and gender nonconformists, and thus encountered problems in terms of what I call “queer localization.” As the title and and headings of this paper suggest, I use L Frank Baum’s 2 See: De Groot, Gerard, The Seventies Unplugged: A Kaleidoscopic Look at a Violent Decade (London: MacMillian, 2010). 2 The Wizard of Oz as an analogy to organize the story of Bryant’s memory and its relationship to the referendums and the theoretical frameworks I use. Then, as I introduce Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, I focus on the impacts of gay rights losses in Miami and Eugene, and how the memories of those losses, as well as the memory of Anita Bryant, can be better understood in terms of refuting the metronormative memory of gay rights in the late 1970s and rejecting the binaries that those memories support. Finally, I explore the possibilities leaving metronormativity as “the yellow brick road” in order to gain a better perspective on queer localization—understood best, perhaps, in terms of the character Dorothy’s revelation about the idiosyncrasies of “home.” In less than two years, Anita Bryant’s anti-gay career transformed her from the embodiment of “home” to a specter of national controversy. Before 1977, she achieved small-time celebrity as the 1958 runner-up in the Miss America Pageant, and as a 1960s “Coca-Cola girl” hired by the beverage giant to star in hokey commercials, but most of her celebrity rested in her role on national television. Bryant starred in orange juice commercials in which she typically served breakfast to her children, turned to the camera, held up a glass of juice, and delivered her catchphrase: “A day without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.” But the memory of Anita Bryant as the televised personification of a local Florida mother—seen in the 1975 image to the left, below-- pales against a much clearer and more ubiquitous image. She became an infamous anti- gay personality who, in 1977, initiated a voter referendum that repealed a local gay rights law in Dade County, Florida. 3 Figure 1.0, left: Anita Bryant in a Florida Orange Growers Commercial (1975); right: Bryant moments after the pie incident, 1977.3 The two images above illustrate the two faces of Anita Bryant. In the 1975 commercial, she offered a cheesy portrait of American motherhood; over the next two years, she became a lightning rod of controversy, a symbol of the national media circus, and--to some--she became a “perfect villain” for the gay rights movement to organize against. The photo to the right shows Bryant’s face in the context of her national role; the image shows her outrage immediately after a gay activist, Thom Higgins, slammed a banana cream pie into her face during a press conference with national media. As she wiped pie filling from her eyes, she replied “At least it’s a fruit pie” and tried to pray for the man who had publicly humiliated her. Her voiced warbled as she spoke the words “deviant lifestyle,” and her subsequent sobs, accompanied by clicking cameras and dripping custard, became a manifest symbol of gay retribution. The large media presence at the pie incident captured a large volume of photographs and newsreels that helped cement Bryant’s memory as an unabashed villain. Today, many of those images share space with newspaper clippings, magazine cutouts, 3 Florida Orange Growers Association commercial, air date October 11, 1975 (NBC-TV): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4grl5VmSb1Q, created January 26, 2011; retrieved 5/30/2013; Pie photo, Des Moines Register, October 14, 1977. 4 and correspondence in two archival collections located near two of the cities Bryant’s campaign targeted in 1978. The first, the Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies at the University of Minnesota, preserves a slender archival box full of assembled material across the Mississippi River from St. Paul, where, in 1978, voters repealed a gay nondiscrimination ordinance by a 2-to-1 margin.4 The second, located in the Oregon Historical Society in Portland, Oregon, contains two subject files titled “Anita Bryant” approximately 110 miles north of Eugene, Oregon, where voters rescinded gay rights by the same margin a few weeks after the repeal in St. Paul.5 In this study, I focus on the Oregon materials, contained in the records of the Portland Town Council (PTC), a collection that I processed as an intern at the Historical Society in the fall and winter of 2011. Between 1975 and 1982, lesbian and gay activists in Portland, Oregon created the PTC records as office files that contained meeting minutes, newsletters, photographs, membership lists, media clippings, and official publications. The collection also contained a large series of “subject files” of assorted organizations, individuals, and topics outside of Oregon; among these, files labeled “Anti-Gay,” “Bryant, Anita,” and “Education” contain the primary sources that are relevant to my analysis of the referendums. The PTC’s subject files present conflicting understandings of what “community” composed, what that community wanted, and what strategies were required to achieve gay rights. Clearly, the subject files of the PTC represent the attentions of an 4 Anita Bryant Collection, Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, University of Minnesota Libraries. 5“ Portland Town Council Records, 1974-1982,” Coll. 256, Oregon Historical Society Research Library: http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv66189; the Fountain newspaper collection (Portland, OR: The Second Foundation, 1971-1973), vol.1 no.1-vol.3 no.9, sn 89014033, Oregon Historical Society Reading Room :http://librarycatalog.ohs.org/EOSWeb/OPAC/TitleView/CompleteDisplay.aspx? FromOPAC=true&DbCode=0&PatronCode=0&Language=english&RwSearchCode=0&WordHits=&BibC odes=4049834 5