Quarks, Leptons, and Their Constituents THE SUBNUCLEAR SERIES Series Editor: ANTONI NO ZICHICHI, European Physical Society, Geneva, Switzerland 1. 1963 STRONG, ELECTROMAGNETIC, AND WEAK INTERACTIONS 2. 1964 SYMMETRIES IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS 3. 1965 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PARTICLE SYMMETRIES 4. 1966 STRONG AND WEAK INTERACTIONS 5. 1967 HADRONS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS 6. 1968 THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS 7. 1969 SUBNUCLEAR PHENOMENA 8. 1970 ELEMENTARY PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY 9. 1971 PROPERTIES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 10. 1972 HIGHLIGHTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS 11. 1973 LAWS OF HADRONIC MATTER 12. 1974 LEPTON AND HADRON STRUCTURE 13. 1975 NEW PHENOMENA IN SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 14. 1976 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER 15. 1977 THE WHYS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 16. 1978 THE NEW ASPECTS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 17. 1979 POINTLIKE STRUCTURES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE HADRONS 18. 1980 THE HIGH-ENERGY LIMIT 19. 1981 THE UNITY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS 20. 1982 GAUGE INTERACTIONS: Theory and Experiment 21. 1985 HOW FAR ARE WE FROM THE GAUGE FORCES 22. 1988 QUARKS, LEPTONS, AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS Volume 1 was published by W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York; 2-8 and 11-12 by Academic Press, New York and London; 9-10, by Editrice Compositori, Bologna; 13-22 by Plenum Press, New York and London. Quarks, Leptons, and Their Constituents Edited by Antonino Zichichi European Physical Society Geneva, Switzerland PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International School of Sub nuclear Physics (22nd: 1984: Erice, Sicily) Quarks, leptons, and their constituents. (The Subnuclear series; v. 22) "Proceedings of the twenty-second course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, held August 5-15, 1984, in Erice, Trapani, Sicily, Italy"-T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Quarks-Congresses. 2. Leptons (Nuclear physics)-Congresses. I. Zichichi, Antonino. II. Title. III. Series. QC793.5.Q2522155 1984 539.7'21 86-22672 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8230-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0889-8 DOT: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0889-8 Proceedings of the twenty-second Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, held August 5-15, 1984, in Erice, Trapani, Sicily, Italy © 1988 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE From 5 to 15 August 1984, a group of 79 physicists from 61 laboratories in 26 countries met in Erice for the 22nd Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, People's Republic of China, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technologi cal Research (MRST), the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The programme of the School was devoted to a review of the most significant results in theoretical and experimental research work on the interactions between what we believe today are the point like constituents of the world: quarks and leptons. It should however not be forgotten that many problems are still to be understood: especially in the forefront of the correla tion between quarks and leptons. This game started in 1966 with the proposal for "leptonic quarks" and went on with "preons" and "rishons" just to quote the most famous attempts to unify these two worlds. I hope the reader will enjoy the book as much as the students enjoyed attending the lectures and the discussion sessions, which are one of the most attractive features of the School. Thanks to the work of the Scientific Secretaries the discussions have been reproduced as faithfully as possible. At various stages of my work I have enjoyed the collaboration of many friends whose contributions have been extremely important for the School and v vi PREFACE are highly appreciated. I thank them most warmly. A final ackno wledgement to all those who, in Erice, Bologna, Rome and Geneva, have helped me on so many occasions and to whom I feel very indebted. Antonino Zichichi November 1985 Geneva CONTENTS OPENING LECTURE The End of a Myth: High-PT Physics A. Zichichi et al. 1 THEORETICAL LECTURES N = 1 Supergravity Models with Vanishing Cosmological Contant S. Ferrara 55 The Kaluza-Klein Program in Supergravity A. Eastaugh and P. Van Nieuwenhuizen 83 What is Inside Quarks and Leptons? H. Fritzsch 135 Quark Masses and Chiral Symmetry H. Leutwyler 189 Monte Carlo Renormalization Group Methods and Results in QCD P. Hasenfratz 225 SEMINARS ON SPECIALIZED TOPICS Radiative J/~ Decays C. A. Heusch 279 An Introduction to Stochastic Cooling S. van der Meer 325 vii viii CONTENTS REVIEW LECTURE Proton Decay M. Koshiba 349 The Glueballs of QCD and Beyond S. J. Lindenbaum 391 Toponium Physics A. Martin 447 Electroweak Physics at the CERN pp Collider L. Di LelIa 479 New Flavours: How they can be looked for at the (pp) Collider with the Lepton Asymmetry Analyzer A. Zichichi et al. 517 THE GLORIOUS DAYS OF PHYSICS Physics and Physicists in the Thirties G. C. Wick 565 CLOSING CEREMONY Prizes and Scholarships 579 Participants 581 Index 593 THE END OF A MYTH: HIGH-PT PHYSICS M. Basile, J. Berbiers, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, A. Contin, G. D'Ali, C. Del Papa, P. Giusti, T. Massam, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, G. Sartorelli, M. Spinetti, G. Susinno, L. Votano and A. zichichi Bologna-CERN-Frascati Collaboration Presented by A. Zichichi 1. INTRODUCTION So far, the main picture of hadronic physics has been based on a distinction between high-PT and low-PT phenomena. In the framework of parton model, high-PT processes were the only candidates to establish a link between • purely hadronic processes • (e+e-) annihilations • (DIS) processes The advent of QCD has emphasized in a dramatic way the privi leged role of high-PT physics due to the fact that, thanks to asymp totic freedom, QCD calculations via perturbative methods can be attempted at high-PT and results successfully compared with experi mental data [1]. The conclusion was: we can forget about everything else and limit ourselves to high-PT physics. Being theoretically off limits, low-PT phenomena, which repre sent the overwhelming majority of hadronic processes (more than 99\ 2 A. ZICHICHI ET AL. of physics it is here), have been up to now neglected. By subtracting the leading proton effects in order to derive the effective energy available for particle production and by using the correct variables, the BCF collaboration has performed a systematic study of the final states produced in low-PT (pp) interactions at the ISR and has com pared the results with those obtained in the processes listed below: Process Data Sources + - (e e ) SLAC, DORIS, PETRA (DIS) SPS/EMC (pp) } { ISR (!FS) Transverse physics (pp) SPS Collider (UA1) + - (e e ) PETRA/TASSO (leading subtraction) The results of this study [2-18] show that, once a common basis for comparison is found by the use of the correct variables, remark able analogies are observed in processes so far considered basically different like • low-PT (pp) interactions • (e+ e-) annihilations • (DIS) processes high-PT (pp) and (pp) interactions This is how universality features emerge, and this is the basis to proceed for a meaningful comparison, i.e.: tiI§t identify the correct variables to establish a common basis, then proceed to a detailed comparison* . 1.1 The leadinq effect I would like to show you the importance of the leading proton effect at the ISR. * The root of this new approach to the study of hadronic inter actions goes back a long time to a proposal by the CERN-Bologna group: ·Study of deep inelastic high momentum transfer hadronic collisions· PMI/com-69/35, 8 July 1969.