ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0022 AAMM QUANTUM PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGISTS ffffiirrss..iinndddd ii 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0022 AAMM ffffiirrss..iinndddd iiii 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0022 AAMM QUANTUM PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGISTS Fundamental Principles and Applications for Biologists, Chemists, Computer Scientists, and Nanotechnologists Paul Sanghera Senior Research Scientist Infonential, Inc. Former Research Scientist at CERN and Cornell A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION ffffiirrss0011..iinndddd iiiiii 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0033 AAMM The following images in this book are covered by the GNU License (see http://www.gnu.org/ copyleft/fdl.html for details): Figures 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 4.1, 4.5, 4.6, 6.0, 7.4, 8.5, 8.8, 8.10, and 11.13. Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 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For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN: 978-0-470-29452-9 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ffffiirrss0022..iinndddd iivv 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0033 AAMM To scores of my teachers, thousands of my students, and hundreds of my colleagues all across the globe from whom I have learned a great deal. Here are only a few to mention: Physics Teachers : Dr. Richard Hemingway, Dr. Hans Mes, Dr. Robert Carnegie, Dr. Richard Enns, Dr. Bruce Clayman, Dr. R.P. Bajpai, Dr. Sukhdev, and Dr. Sham Singh Chandel Chemistry Teachers : Dr. Victor Tam, Mr. Mousa Ghanma, Dr. Richard Daley, Dr. Kei - Lee Kelley Liu, and Mr. Gurpal Singh Maan Biology Teachers : Dr. Karen Erickson, Dr. Rachel Janowicz, and Dr. Nita Sharma Mathematics Teachers : Dr. S.N. Dubey, Dr. Rick Martinez, and Mr. Tilak Raj Colleagues : Dr. Siegfried Bethke, Dr. Richard Stroynowski, Dr. David Miller, Dr. Nari Mistry, Dr. Prabhu Krishan Raina, Dr. Shri Yogesh, Dr. Gerald Pauler, Delon Dotson, Dr. Denis Dumas, and Dr. Alix Pouladdej ffffiirrss0033..iinndddd vv 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0033 AAMM ffffiirrss0033..iinndddd vvii 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0033 AAMM Contents Acknowledgments xv About the Author xvii About the Tech Editor xix Periodic Table of the Elements xxi Fundamental Physical Constants xxiii Important Combinations of Physical Constants xxv Preface: Science, Nanotechnology, and Quantum Physics: Mind the Gap xxvii 1 First, There Was Classical Physics 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Physics and Classical Physics 3 1.3 The Classical World of Particles 10 1.4 Physical Quantities 12 1.5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 15 1.6 Rotational Motion 18 1.7 Superposition and Collision of Particles 22 1.7.1 Superposition 22 1.7.2 Collision and Scattering 25 1.8 Classical World of Waves 26 1.8.1 Periodic Waves 27 1.8.2 Defi ning Wave Characteristics 27 1.9 Refl ection, Refraction, and Scattering 30 1.10 Diffraction and Interference 32 1.10.1 Diffraction 32 1.10.2 Interference 34 1.11 Equation of Wave Motion 35 1.12 Light: Particle or Wave? 38 1.13 Understanding Electricity 39 1.14 Understanding Magnetism 45 1.14.1 Magnetic Field 45 1.14.2 Magnetic Flux 47 vii ffttoocc..iinndddd vviiii 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0055 AAMM viii CONTENTS 1.15 Understanding Electromagnetism 49 1.15.1 Types of Electromagnetic and Other Waves 49 1.15.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 50 1.16 Maxwell’s Equations 52 1.17 Confi nement, Standing Waves, and Wavegroups 55 1.17.1 Confi nement 55 1.17.2 Standing Waves 55 1.17.3 Wavegroups 59 1.18 Particles and Waves: The Big Picture 62 1.19 The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature 63 1.19.1 Gravitational Force 65 1.19.2 Electromagnetic Force 66 1.19.3 Weak and Strong Nuclear Forces 67 1.19.4 Four Fundamental Forces: The Big Picture 68 1.20 Unifi cation: A Secret to Scientifi c and Technological Revolutions 69 1.21 Special Theory of Relativity 72 1.22 Classical Approach 75 1.22.1 Separation of Particles and Waves: Either It Is a Particle or a Wave 75 1.22.2 Either It Is Here or There: The Certainty 75 1.22.3 The World Is Continuous: Any Value Within a Range Is Possible 76 1.22.4 Common Grounds Among Particles and Waves: A Red Flag 76 1.23 Summary 77 1.24 Additional Problems 78 2 Particle Behavior of Waves 80 2.1 Introduction 82 2.2 The Nature of Light: The Big Picture 82 2.3 Black-Body Radiation 84 2.3.1 The Classical Collapse 85 2.3.2 The Quantum Rescue 89 2.4 The Photoelectric Effect 93 2.4.1 The Photoelectric Effect: The Experiment 93 2.4.2 The Classical Collapse 95 2.4.3 The Quantum Rescue 98 2.5 X-Ray Diffraction 103 2.6 The Compton Effect 106 2.7 Living in the Quantum World 110 2.7.1 Using Black-Body Radiation 110 2.7.2 Using the Photoelectric Effect 111 2.7.3 Using Compton Scattering 113 ffttoocc..iinndddd vviiiiii 1122//2222//22001100 1111::0033::0055 AAMM