African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org QUANTUM OF BUILDING DEMOLISHED DEBRIS ASSOCIATED WITH URBAN ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN GOMBE CITY, NIGERIA Bashir Usman Mohammed1*, Dr. S. J. Dukku2, Suleiman Shehu3 1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria. Emal: [email protected] 2Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria. Email: [email protected] 3Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Demolition activity is deeply embedded in the urban Cite this article: system. In recent times, infrastructural development in Nigeria’s major Bashir U.M., Dukku S. J. , cities has led to increase in road construction activities associated with Suleiman S. (2021), Quantum demolition of hundreds of houses from which millions of tons of of Building Demolished Demolition Waste have been generated. However, it is widely reported Debris Associated with Urban in many studies globally that demolition debris is such waste that can Road Construction in Gombe City, Nigeria. African Journal be re-used. Though, this is not the case in Gombe due to paucity of of Environment and Natural information on its composition, size and quantities. Hence, the Science Research 4(3), 1-11. objective of this study is to determine the volumetric composition of DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR- generated demolition debris in Gombe City with a view to knowing the SAFEXNK8. potential quantities available for re-use. The study used both qualitative and quantitative design approach. A simple random Manuscript History sampling technique was employed to select 13 roads which were sub- divided in to Lot 1 (8.33km) and Lot 2 (15.04km) and the period of Received: 2 June 2021 2011-2014 was considered for the study. Primary data kept by actors Accepted: 25 June 2021 and authorities for the compensation assessment which do not refer to Published: 6 July 2021 demolition debris quantities were used as the bases for extraction of quantities. Handheld (GPS) instrument was used in establishing coordinates; photographs were taken from different locations showing Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article demolition activities taking place and composition of different distributed under the terms of materials debris. Results revealed that a total of 1,271 structures were Creative Commons Attribution- evaluated after partially or fully demolished for street widening and/or NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND to pave way for new road construction, in addition a total volume of 4.0), which permits anyone to 129,993.57m3 of Demolished Debris was generated which composed of share, use, reproduce and 10.00% Concrete, 60.30% Sandcrete and 29.69% clay/mud. In redistribute in any medium, provided the original author and conclusion, there exist huge quantities of building demolition debris source are credited. from street widening and/or new road construction in Gombe city which can be put in to re-use as a component of urban road construction, where properly managed will go a long way to reducing environmental adverse effect due to excessive exploitation for new material. KEYWORD: Composition, Construction, Demolition, Debris, Road, Quantity, Gombe 1 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org INTRODUCTION Demolition activity is deeply embedded in the urban system. It is seen as a barometer for economic activity, meaning when demolition occurs it is usually a sign of on-going growth, expansion and renewal (Richard & Michael, 2006). It has been argued convincingly that there is a strong indication that demolition waste handling and management is the new challenging issue faced by many countries all over the world (Asif & Matouq, 2013). In addition, Agamutu (2008) and Calhoun (2012) observed that data is not widely available for construction and demolition waste in many countries around the globe. In recent times, infrastructural development in Nigeria’s major cities has led to the increase in road construction activities most noticeably in the state capitals and local government headquarters. Associated with this activity has been the demolition of hundreds of houses from which millions of tons of Demolition Waste have been generated. Thus, Daily Trust Newspaper of January 1, 2014 reported that, “Nigerians are familiar with waste of any kind, but when professionals talk about Construction and Demolition Debris (CDD), not many devote special attention to it because-waste is waste in Nigerian parlance”. As such the quantity of construction demolition debris generated in the country is not known. By contrast, the quantity of waste generated is well documented in developed countries like USA, Japan, Germany, UK etc. Gombe is a fast-growing city in the North Eastern Part of Nigeria, with massive transformation of infrastructure. There has been considerable construction of new roads as well as street widening associated with large amounts of money as compensation for demolition of the identified buildings. However, it is reported widely in many studies globally that demolition debris is such waste that can be re-used. Though, this is not the case in Gombe due to paucity of information on its composition, size and quantities. Hence, the objective of this study is to determine the volumetric composition of generated demolition debris in Gombe City with a view to know the potential quantities available for re-use as base materials for road construction in Gombe city is timely. LITERATURE REVIEW The construction industry has been identified as the largest exploiter of both the renewable and non-renewable resources (Uher, 1999). It affects the environment in different ways; firstly, it consumes natural resources (both renewable and non-renewable) to produce the built environment, and secondly, it generates waste in the process of transforming the capital and natural resources (Ofori, 2010). Today’s approach to creating cities, neighborhoods, building and infrastructure is a source of perceived negative effects on the natural environment and consequently on the economy and the community. Studies carried out by Nunes K.R.A., Miller, C,F., Valley, R. and Neves ,C (2006) indicated that Demolition Debris represent the second largest component of material’s waste stream just behind Municipal Solid Waste. Construction demolition debris is bulky, heavy and is mostly unsuitable for disposal by incineration or composting (Villas, 2007). According to the American Demolition Association and Organizations for the Demolition Industry in the United State and Canada was estimated that approximately 75% out of this composition is demolition debris. Similarly, Danish Environmental Protection Agency (DEPA) in 2003 established that of the total waste generated from construction and demolition in Denmark, 70% -75% was from demolition activity. In Japan also, 75% of demolition debris was 2 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org generated from the total Construction and Demolition Debris in 2000, making demolition debris the highest component of Construction and Demolition Debris in most industrialized countries. Demolition debris is heterogeneous combination of various building materials such as aggregate, wood, sandcrete, paper, glass etc., these types of wastes results from the demolition of existing structures which were done intentionally like in renovation and remodeling works or unintentionally due to natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes etc., the components of demolition waste and its quantities depends primarily on the types and age of the being demolished as well as the materials used for its construction and the demolition technique followed (El- Haggar, 2007) Basically, in Nigeria, infrastructural development such as roads within the urban built environment has seen the demolition of thousands of buildings in Nigeria (George, 1997). For example, In Akwa Ibom state, the conversion of single carriage ways to double carriage ways and the construction of roads networks across the 31-local government of the State (Akaninyene, 2012) generated demolition waste from demolished buildings. Daily Trust Newspaper of March 21, 2016 reported that, in 2012, over three thousand have been earmarked for demolition at Bassa Jiwa village, Airport Road Abuja and, about 500 housing estate units were demolished in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja for development without approval (Falaki, Akanghe & Ayinde, 2013). In Gombe state, it has been observed that between 2011 and 2014 thousands of buildings were earmarked and partially or fully demolished in Gombe city for the provision of road infrastructure, and billions of Naira was expended as compensation from the exercise and large volume of debris was generated. MATERIALS AND METHOD Gombe is the capital city of Gombe state, Nigeria and has an estimated population of 261,536 people (NPC, 2006). With a landmass area has an area of 52 km2 and situated between latitude 100 30I and 100 301 N and longitude 110 001 and 11o 30I E of the Greenwich meridian with two distinct climates, the dry season (November-March) and the rainy season (April- October) with an average rainfall of 850mm. throughout the month of May daytime temperatures reach high of 400c, at night average minimum temperatures drop down to around 250c. This is not unconnected with the absence of vegetative cover to regulate the temperature. The average daily relative humidity for May of the same month is around 35%. The study is mixed type in its methodology, with both qualitative and quantitative as bases. Time horizon of the study indicated longitudinal that observed the phenomena over a chosen periods of three constitutional tenure of the leadership of Gombe State. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select 13 no. road which were sub-divided in to Lot 1 (8.33km) and Lot 2 (15.04km) for the period of 2011-2014 were considered for the study. Primary data kept by actors and authorities for the compensation assessment which do not refer to demolition debris quantities were used as the bases for extraction of quantities. Handheld (GPS) instrument was used in establishing coordinates; photographs were taken from different locations showing demolition activities taking place and composition of different materials debris. Recording and evaluation of primary data for the estimation of the quantities of debris in Gombe city was based on the appropriate scheme for the management of demolition debris. As such, the quantity was determined using acceptable already prepared document for the compensation of marked structures for the evaluation of quantities using 3 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org Microsoft excels, through: Delineation of the area covered by the debris estimate; Dividing the area to differentiate sub-areas of dominant debris types; and Computation of the Demolishing Debris on a Street by street basis. Data analysis: Quantity of demolition debris was first extracted from the acquired primary data and composition of materials calculated in volume using Microsoft excel. The calculations were carried out using a mathematical model developed by FEMA Working Team, (2010) which was based on the following equation: 𝐋(𝐟𝐭)𝐱 𝐖 (𝐟𝐭)𝐱 𝐇(𝐟𝐭)𝐱 𝟎.𝟑𝟑 = 𝐂𝐘…… (Equ. 1) 𝟐𝟕 “Equation 1 was modified to metric unit as thus, 𝐋(𝐦)×𝐖(𝐦)×𝐇(𝐦)×𝟎.𝟑𝟑 = Vol. (m3) …… (Equ. 2) 𝟐𝟕 Where L = length of the structure; W = width of the structure; H = height of the structure; and 0.33 represents the constant to account for the air space in the building” RESULTS AND FINDINGS Table 1 shows the satellite coordinates of the street containing the 13 roads under consideration as of 2011-2014 for the study. Table 1: Satellite coordinates of streets 2011 Roads Name Easting’s Northing’s Road 1 General Hospital-Tashan Dukku 736090.61m 1139229.35m Road 2 Tashan Dukku-State University 737261.73m 1139768.58m Road 3 ABSKG Road 737779.57m 1138620.07m Road 4 Central pri. Sch.-Kasuwan doya 737939.40m 1137928.85m Road 5 Old post office-ABSKG 737492.87m 1138074.33m Road 6 Emir’s palace-Idi praying 738474.96m 1138066.15m ground Road 7 Yelwan Bogo Road 741232.67m 1136474.48m Road 8 (Alheri junction-yalen guruza) 739774.54m 1136777.35m Road 9 Madaki - Burundi) 738889.00m 1136090.00m 4 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org Road10 Nasarawo ring road 741996.72m 1137267.35m Road 11 Dogon Dibino 737508.08m 1137691.15m Road 12 Liberty-General hospital 736425.04m 1137729.40m Road 13 Miyetti-Union Bank Source: Authors field work Figure 1 shows that a total of 716 structures were marked for demolition along the roads in Lot 1. The findings revealed that structures along road no.6 were the highest with 248 structures (34.64%) and road no. 2 been the least with 8 structures. 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 ROAD 1 ROAD 2 ROAD 3 (ABS ROAD 4 ROAD 5 (OLD ROAD 6 (EMIR ROAD 7 (YALWA (GENERAL (TASHAN DUKKU KG) (CENTRAL POST OFFICE - PALACE -IDI BOGO) HOSPITAL - -STATE PRIMARY ABS KG ROAD) PRAYING TASHAN DUKKU) UNIVERSITY) SCHOOL - GROUND) KASUWAR DOYA) Figure 1: Lot 1, Number of structures marked for demolition along the roads Source: Gombe state Ministry of Lands and Survey Figure 2 shows that a total of 555 structures were marked for demolition along the roads in Lot 1. The results revealed that road no.2 was the highest with 178 structures (32.07%) and structures along road no. 3 and 4 were the least with 22 structures each representing 3.96%. 5 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 ROAD 1 (ALHERI ROAD 2 (MADAKI ROAD 3 ROAD 4 (MIYATTI ROAD 5 (DOGON ROAD 6 (LIBERTY JUNCTION - -BURUUNDI) (NASSARAWA -UNION BANK) DIBINO) -GENERAL YELENGURUZA) RING ROAD) HOSPITAL) Figure 2: Lot 2, Number of structures marked for demolition along the roads Source: Gombe State Ministry of Lands and Survey. Plates 1, 2 and 3 show the various ongoing demolition activities of structures along the major roads with each plate showing concrete, sandcrete and clay representing the demolished materials respectively. Plate 1: Demolition being carried out showing concrete debris on kasuwan doya road 4 in Lot 1 Source: Author’s field work 6 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org Plate 2: Sandcrete based demolition debris on Idi road 6 in Lot 1 Source: Author’s Field work Plate 3: Clay based material from demolition on liberty-G/hospital road 1 in Lot 1 Source: Author’s Field work 7 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org Table 2 shows the volumetric composition of typical walling materials from demolition debris in Lot 1. Findings revealed that the total length of road was 8.33km, the total quantities of demolished debris generated was 70353.38m3 with sandcrete been the major material with 34016.76m3 representing 48.35% of demolished debris; Mud/Clay 25698.98m3 (36.53%) and concrete 10637.64m3 representing 15.12% of demolition debris generated. Table 2: Volumetric Composition of Typical Walling Materials from Demolition debris in Lot 1 S/n Road Length Quantity of Materials (M3) (km) Concrete Sandcrete Mud/Clay 1 General Hospital- 2.30 1901.1735 346.205 305.487 Tashan Dukku Road 2 Tashan Dukku - Gombe 1.20 0 35.07 0 State University Road 3 Bello Sabon Kudi Road 1.00 2867.2632 9592.397 931.3731 4 Cental Primary School 0.93 11.3481 4027.13 1.8 To Kasuwan Doya 5 Old Post Office To Bello 0.41 4652.109 9104.5728 13756.6818 Sabon Kudi Road 6 Emir's Palace Round 1.40 221.5026 4713.6805 6120.4824 About-Idi Praying Ground 7 Yelwan Bogo Road 1.10 984.24 6197.70 4583.16 Total 8.33 10637.64 34016.76 25698.98 Source: Author Table 3 shows the volumetric composition of typical walling materials from demolition debris in Lot 2. Findings revealed that the total length of road was 15.04km, the total quantities of demolished debris generated was 59640.19m3 with sandcrete been the major material with 44371.06m3 representing 74.40% of demolished debris; Clay/Mud 12900.29m3 (21.63%) and concrete 2368.84m3 representing the least with 3.97% of demolition debris generated. 8 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org Table 3: Volumetric Composition of Typical Walling Materials from Demolition debris in Lot 2 S/n Road Length Quantity of Materials (M3) (km) Concrete Sandcrete Mud/Clay 1 Alheri Juncton – 8.0 1099.16 9543.03 1961.86 Yalengnguruza 2 Madaki To Barunde Bye 2.1 1269.68 15953.83 5693.00 Pass Road 3 Nasarawo Ring Road 2.8 0.00 746.70 3060.00 4 Miyetti Junction To 0.87 0.00 41.28 0.00 Intersect Union Bank 5 Dogon Dabino Road 0.64 0.00 4550.17 523.80 6 Liberty Junction To 0.63 0.00 13536.05 1661.63 General Hospital Road Total 15.04 2368.84 44371.06 12900.29 Source: Author DISCUSSION Demolished debris (DD) composed of Concrete, Sandcrete and Clay in all streets locations in Gombe city the study area. Quantities of materials generated were derived along the lengths of road (23.37km). A total of 1271 structures were evaluated for partial or full demolition on lot 1 and lot 2 for street widening or to pave way for new road construction in the study. Data showed from both lots 1& 2 a total volume of 129,993.57m3 of Debris generated and composed of 10.00% Concrete, 60.30% Sandcrete and 29.69% clay/mud. The finding was in agreement with (Tunde & Jinadu, 1997), that infrastructural development such as roads within the urban built environment has seen the demolition of thousands of buildings in Nigeria. Wood, concrete, brick and other masonry typically constitute more than 60% of residential and 80% of non-residential demolition debris (FEMA, 2010). In addition, (USEPA, 1998) reported that demolition debris constitute 34% of waste generated from residential and 58% from non-residential areas. Demolition debris (DD) is the largest amounts of waste (Collins, 2011) in the solid waste stream, and posed a real threat to all countries. Its composition is not unique and depends on the techniques of construction, type of building, country and many other factors. 9 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJENSR-SAFEXNK8 African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research ISSN: 2689-9434 Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021 (pp. 1-11) www.abjournals.org CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Basically, as the saying goes; data is not widely available for construction and demolition waste in many countries around the globe, efforts must be made to provide workable data to harness the waste littered in the environment. In recent times, infrastructural development in Nigeria’s major cities has led to the increase in road construction activities most noticeably in the state capitals and local government headquarters. The objective of this study is to determine the volumetric composition of generated demolition debris in Gombe City with a view to know the potential quantities available for re-use. Hence, a total volume of 129993.57m3 of Demolition Debris was generated in Gombe city and composed of 10.00% Concrete, 60.30% Sandcrete and 29.69% clay/mud. As such, there exist a huge quantity of building demolished debris from street widening and new road construction in the Gombe city which can be put back in to re-use and that will go a long way in reducing the adverse effects on the environment due to excessive exploitation for new material. Furthermore, extends the lifecycle and complete the close loop principle thereby, the ends of Architecture define the beginning of a new discipline in the 21st century. REFERENCES Agamutu, P. 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