Geophysical Monograph Series American Geophysical GeophysicalM onogt'aphS et'ies A. F. Spilhaus,J r., Managing Editor 1 Antarctica in the International Geophysical Year, A. P. Crary, L. M. Gould,E . O. Hulburt, Hugh Odishaw, and Waldo E. Smith (editors) 2 Geophysicsa nd the IGY, Hugh Odishawa nd Stanley Ruttenburg (editors) 3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Chlorine and Sulfur Compounds, James P. Lodge, Jr. (editor) 4 Contemporary Geodesy, Charles A. Whitten and Kenneth H. Drummond (editors) 5 Physics of Precipitation, Helmut Wieckmann (editor) (cid:127) The Crust of the Pacific Basin, Gordon A. Macdonald and Hisashi Kuno (editors) 7 Antarctic Research: The Matthew Fontaine Maury Memorial Symposium, H. Wexler, M. J. Rubin, and J. E. Caskey, Jr. (editors) 8 Terrestrial Heat Flow, William H. K. Lee (editor) 9 Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed Areas, Hyman Orlin (editor) 10 The Earth Beneath the Continents: A Volume in Honor of Merle A. Tuve, John S. Steinhart and T. Jefferson Smith (editors) 11 Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle, Glenn E. Stout (editor) 12 The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area, Leon Knopoff, Charles L. Drake, and Pembroke J. Hart (editors) 13 The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle, Pembroke J. Hart (editor) 14 The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, John G. Heacock (editor) 15 The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy, Soren W. Henriksen, Armando Mantint, and Ber- nard H. Chovitz (editors) 1(cid:127)3 Flow and Fracture of Rocks, H. C. Heard, I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter, and C. B. Raleigh (editors) 17 Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects, William C. Ackermann, Gilbert F. White, and E. B. Worthington (editors) 18 The Upper Atmosphere in Motion: A Selection of Papers With Annotation, C. 0. Hines and Colleagues 19 The Geophysics of the Pacific Ocean Basin and Its Margin: A Volume in Honor of George P. Woollard, George H. Sutton, Murli H. Manghnani,a nd Ralph Moberly (editors) 20 The Earth's Crust, John G. Heacock (editor) 21 Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes, W. P. Olson geophysical monograph 21 Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes W. P. OLSON editor American Geophysical Union Washington, D.C. Publishedu nder the aegis of the AGU Geophys- ical Monograph Board; Bruce Bolt, Chairman; Thomas E. Graedel, Rolland L. Hardy, Barry E. Parsons, George R. Tilton, and William R. Winklet, members. ISBN 0-87590-021-6 Copyright 1979 by the American GeophysicalU nion 1909 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Library of CongressC ard Number 79-84163 LITHOCRAFTERS, CHELSEA, CONTENTS OVt{ RVI EW W. P. Olson SECTION l .MAGNETIC FIELD SESSION OVERVIEW K. S. Pfitzer QUANTITATIVE MODELINGO F PLANETARYM AGNETOSPHERIMC AGNETIC FIELDS THE SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT (cid:127)AGNETIC FIELD DATA SET 3S R. L. McPherron A METHODO F EVALUATINGQ UANTITATIVEM AGNETOSPHERFICIE LD 48 MODELS BY AN ANGULAR PARAMETER a M. Sugiura and P. J. Poros .MAGNETIC FIELD DISTORTIONS AT L = 3-4 INFERRED FROM SIMULTA- 64 NEOUS LOW AND HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATIONS OF RING CURRENT IONS L. R. Lyons MODELING THE MAGNETOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD 77 W. P. Olson, K. A. Pfitzer, and G. J. Mroz SELF-CONSISTENT THEORY OF A MAGNETOSPHERIC B-FIELD MODEL 86 K. Fuchs and G.-H. Voigt CONJUGATE LOW ENERGY ELECTRON OBSERVATIONS MADE BY ATS-6 AND 96 DMSP-32 SATELLITES C.-I. Meng QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF THE EARTH'S INTERNAL FIELD -- STATUS 11o AND FUTURE TRENDS G. P. Mead ' SECTION 2 HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES SESSION OVERVIEW 118 J. I. Vette MODELING OF ELECTRON TIME VARIATIONS IN THE RADIATION 121 BELTS K. Chan, M. J. Teague, N. Schofield, and J. I. Vette THE SIGNATURES OF THE VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE OUTER MAGNETOSPHERE IN THE PITCH ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES H. I. West, Jr. EFFECTS OF THE SOLAR WIND ON MAGNETOSPHERICD YNAMICS: 180 ENERGETIC ELECTRONS AT THE SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT G. A. Paulikas and J. B. Blake PITCH ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS OF >30 keV ELECTRONS AT GEO- 203 STATIONARY ALTITUDES P. R. Higbie, P. N. Baker, E. W. Hones, Jr., and R. D. Belian SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES: FROM THE CORONA TO THE 220 MAGNETOTAI L E. a. Roelof THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS ON COSMIC RAY 242 CUTOFF CALCULATIONS K. A. Pf i tzer SECTION 3 ELECTRIC FIELDS SESSION OVERVIEW 253 D. P. Cauffman SEMIEMPIRICAL MODELS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC 261 FIELDS H. Volland QUASISTATIC ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENTSO N THE GEOS-1 281 AND GEOS-2 SATELLITES A. Pedersen and R. Grard GENERATION OF THE MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELD 297 iNDUCED MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS 316 G. J. Mroz, W. P. Olson, and K. A. Pfitzer COUPLING OF MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORM ELECTRIC EFFECTS 326 INT0 THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT P. B. Hays and R. G. Roble SECTION 4 LOW ENERGY PARTICLES SESSION OVERVIEW 538 E. C. Whipple, Jr. and S. E. DeForest ION COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS IN MAGNETOSPHERIC MODELING 340 D.T. Young QUANTITATIVEM ODELSO F THE 0 TO 100 keV MID-MAGNETOSPHERIC 364 PARTICLE ENVIRONMENT ENERGY BUDGET FOR SOLAR WIND-MAGNETOSPHERIC INTER- ACTIONS W. J. Heikkila THE MAGNET0PAUSE LAYER AND PLASMA BOUNDARY LAYER OF 401 THE MAGNETOSPHERE T. E. Eastman and E. W. Hones, Jr. THE MAGNETOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER' A STOPPER REGION FOR 412 A GUSTY SOLAR WIND J. Lemaire EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INTERPLANETARY CONDITIONS, 423 MAGNETOSPHERICF LUX TRANSFER, AND THE AL INDEX STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE DEPENDENCE OF GEOMAGNETIC 436 ACTIVITY ON SOLAR WIND PARAMETERS A MACROSCOPIC MODEL FOR FIELD LINE INTERCONNECTION 448 BETWEEN THE MAGNETOSPHERE AND THE INTERPLANETARY SPACE G. H. Voigt and K. Fuchs SECTION 5 MODELINGT ECHNIQUES SESSION OVERVIEW 460 W. P. Olson and R. A. Wolf A KINETIC APPROACH TO MAGNETOSPHERIC MODELING 462 E. C. (cid:127)7zipple, Jr. ON CALCULATINGM AGNETIC AND VECTOR POTENTIAL FIELDS DUE 473 TO LARGE-SCALE MAGNETOSPHERIC CURRENT SYSTEMS AND IN- DUCED CURRENTS IN AN INFINITELY CONDUCTING EARTH J. L. Kisabeth COMPUTERM ODELING OF EVENTS IN THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERE 499 M. Harel, R. A. Wolf, P. H. Reiff, and M. Smiddy MOTIONS OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE UNDER SIS THE INFLUENCE OF A TIME-VARYING LARGE SCALE CONVECTION ELECTRIC FIELD P. H. Smith, N. K. Bewtra, and R. A. Hoffman GLOBAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMISCIM ULATION OF THE TWO- 536 DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOSPHERE J. N. Leboeuf, T. Tajima, C. F. Kennel, and J. M. Dawson IONOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS DRIVEN BY FIELD-ALIGNED 557 CURRENTS R. W. Nopper, Jr. and R. L . Carovil lano (cid:127)N(cid:127)nUmNCm O(cid:127) EnEC(cid:127)C (cid:127)mnms ON c(cid:127)smm (cid:127)^(cid:127)cnm (cid:127)O(cid:127)ON AND ELECTRON FLUXES AT SYNCHRONOUS ALTITUDES J. C. Kosik MAGNETIC SHELL TRACIFG: A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH 582 SHAPE INTEGRAL METHOD FOR MAGNETOSPHERIC SHAPES 592 F. O. Michel SECTION 6 MODELING APPLICATIONS SESSION OVERVIEW 599 H. B. Garrett ENVIRONMENTALM ODEL NEEDS FOR SPACECRAFTI NTERACTIONS 602 S. E. DeForest IONOSPHERIC AND MAGNETOSPHERICM ODELING FOR AIR FORCE 609 APPLICATIONS CURRENT LEAKAGE FOR LOW ALTITUDE SATELLITES: MODELING 617 APPLICATIONS A. fonradi, J. E. McCoy, and O.K. Garriott THE RADIATION ENVIRONMENTA ND ITS EFFECTS ON SPACECRAFT 634 J. F. Janni and G. E. Radke SECTION 7 REVIEW OF JULY 29, 1977 SUBSTORM 644 R. H. Manka SECTION8 AN ANNOTATELDI ST OF EXISTING QUANTITATIVEM ODELS 647 OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PARTICLE AND FIELD FEATURES MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS 647 ENERGETIC PARTICLE RADIATION MODELS 649 ELECTRIC - FIELD MODELS 650 KEY WORD LIST INDEX Geophysical Monograph Se r i e s Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes Vol. 21 Introductory Remarks There is somec onfusion concerning what is meant by quantitative modeling. This is causedp rimarily by the existence of a wide variety of model users. Quantitative models may be purely empirical, that is based on data sets, semi-empirical, that is relying on physics whenever appropriate and available, but the "holes" being filled in with data as necessary, and finally purely physical models. It was apparent at the meeting that most current quantitative modeling efforts at this point in time are semi-empirical. This is partly because the physics of the magnetospherei s not yet entirely understood. At the same time, however, there is a large user communityt hat needs models that can accurately describe magnetosphericf eatures. The.preponderanceo f semi-empirical models results because current data sets describing various magneto- spheric features and processes are limited. There is some additional discussion of this topic in the section summaries. In particular, Cauffman in his introduction to the electric field section makes the useful distinction between "explanatory" and "representative" models. It is believed that all kinds of modeling will continue becausa of the various needs of the model user community. The general purpose of the meeting was to bring together the authors of newly developed quantitative models of magnetospheric features and processes and have them exchange ideas and concerns with the model user community, and with the collectors and analyzers of data. It was then planned that by having these groups of people interact through the pre- sentation of their papers and in discussion periods, the meeting output would be an up-to-the-minute assessment of the effects to quantitatively model magnetospheric features and processes. As was done at the 1975 conference on quantitative modeling, it was planned that this meeting provide a "snap shot" of the progress being made in quantitative modeling. While these conferences provide an up-to-date look at modeling activities, there is within IAGA (International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy) a working group on magnetospheric models that continuously seeks to monitor the same subject. Thus, the outputs of this meeting are closely linked to the work on the IAGA group, and it was attempted to have an international representation at the meeting. The meeting was also timed to take piace so that these proceedingsw ould be helpful to workers participating in the IMS (International Magnetospheric Study). This volume therefore, in addition to containing papers from the meeting, contains discussion on each of the meeting sessions and provides a sum- mary of currently available quantitative models of several magnetospheric features and processes. There were over 90 meeting participants with 14 foreign attendees. The general areas covered in the meeting were: magnetospheric magnetic and electric fields, low and high energy particle populations, model users, modeling techniques, and attempts at modeling several magnetospheric features or processes simultaneously. The meeting subject was restricted to quantitative models. These models are distinct from the conjectural models (cid:127)"cartoon approxima- Copyright American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Se r i e s Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes Vol. 21 tions") that abound in the literature. A quantitative model has, as its output, numbers which are meant to describe a magnetospheric feature or processø These numbers may be compared with observations. The qual- ity of the model can then be tested by comparing model output with observation. Thus, the development and testing of quantitative models is a natural step in the process of physically describing the magneto- sphere. Quantitative models are also necessary 'tools for users with practical applications. In fact, it is these practical needs that have been responsible for the development of many quantitative models. For example, in the past decade quantitative descriptions of the high-energy particle environment were required in the inner magnetosphere since this environ- ment posed a radiation damaget hreat to vehicles operating in "near earth orbital space." More recently attention has been given to modeling the low-energy particle distribution, especially at geosynchronous orbit, because of the threat that they pose to satellite hardware in the form of charging and electrical arcing. Quantitative magnetospheric models have in some instances been extrapolated from the setting of their de- velopment (the earth's magnetosphere) and extended to planetary, stellar and astronomical applications and thus are valuable to other sciences. It is interesting to compare this conference with the 1975 AGU con- ference on magnetospheric models. In 1975 the emphasis in magnetospheric modeling was clearly the magnetic field. In the intervening years, the emphasis has been shifted to the magnetospheric electric field. That is not to say that interesting work is no longer being done on the magneto- spheric magnetic field, but that good satellite DC electric field data are now becoming available, finally making it possible to discuss and describe its properties quantitatively. There has also been a trend away from the development of static models and in their place an increased emphasis has been placed on dynamic models. For example, in 1975 all of the models dealt with static magnetospheric features, like the average configuration of the magnetic field. It is now agreed that the average magnetic field configuration is well described, if not quite so well understood. Of more interest are the time variations in the magnetic field, electric field, and corresponding changes in the low- energy particle populations. There now appears to be a trend away (cid:127)rom the description of magnetospheric features (e.g., the magnetospheric magnetic field) and toward the description of magnetospheric processes (eog., the self-consistent particle and field description of the magne- tospheric substorm). It is clear when these two meetings are compared, that much progress has been made in the intervening three years. Hope- fully, with all of the data that is becoming available during the IMS, even more rapid progress will be made in the next few years in the quan- titative modeling and understanding of magnetospheric processes. The meeting sessions were initially confined to descriptions of the magnetic and electric fields, low and high energy particles, and papers by model users. However, it was found during the planning stages that another very important subject was emerging. This resulted in a session on "modeling techniques." In it several papers were presented in which the interaction of charged particles with their electric and magnetic field environment were quantitatively described. Also, several papers concerned with the simplification of computer procedures necessary for the understanding and quantitative descriptions of various magneto- Copyright American Geophysical Union