QUANTIFICATION IN NATURAL LANGUAGES Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy Volume 54 Managing Editors GENNARO CHIERCHIA, University of Milan PAULINE JACOBSON, Brown University FRANCIS J. PELLETIER, University of Alberta Editorial Board JOHAN V AN BENTHEM, University of Amsterdam GREGORY N. CARLSON, University of Rochester DAVID DOWTY, Ohio State University, Columbus GERALD GAZDAR, University of Sussex, Brighton IRENE HElM, MlT., Cambridge EW AN KLEIN, University of Edinburgh BILL LADUSA W, University of California at Santa Cruz TERRENCE PARSONS, University of California, Irvine The titles published in this series are listed at the end afthis volume. QUANTIFICATION IN NATURAL LANGUAGES Edited by EMMON BACH University of Massachusetts-Amherst ELOISE JELINEK University of Arizona ANGELIKA KRATZER University of Massachusetts-Amherst BARBARA H. PARTEE University of Massachusetts-Amherst Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.l.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-7923-3129-2 ISBN 978-94-017-2817-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2817-1 printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1995 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any in formation storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1. EMMON BACH / A Note on Quantification and Blankets in Haisla 13 2. MARK BAKER / On the Absence of Certain Quantifiers in Mohawk 21 3. MARIA BITINER / Quantification in Eskimo: A Challenge for Compositional Semantics 59 4. MARIA BITTNER and KEN HALE / Remarks on Definiteness in Warlpiri 81 5. GENNARO CHIERCHIA / The Variability of Impersonal Subjects 107 6. ILEANA COMOROVSKI / On Quantifier Strength and Partitive Noun Phrases 145 7. VENEETA DAYAL / Quantification in Correlatives 179 8. NICK EVANS / A-Quantifiers and Scope in Mayali 207 9. LEONARD M. FALTZ / Towards a Typology of Natural Logic 271 10. DAVID GIL / Universal Quantifiers and Distributivity 321 11. MARTIN HASPELMATH / Diachronic Sources of 'All' and 'Every' 363 v vi T ABLE OF CONTENTS 12. JAMES HIGGINBOTHAM I Mass and Count Quantifiers 383 13. HELEN DE Hoop / On the Characterization of the Weak- Strong Distinction 421 14. PAULINE JACOBSON / On the Quantificational Force of English Free Relatives 451 15. ELOISE JELINEK / Quantification in Straits Salish 487 16. BARBARA H. PARTEE I Quantificational Structures and Compositionality 541 17. KAREN PETRONIO I Bare Noun Phrases, Verbs and Quan- tification in ASL 603 18. PAUL PORTNER I Quantification, Events, and Gerunds 619 19. CRAIGE ROBERTS / Domain Restriction in Dynamic Semantics 661 20. MARCIA DAMASO VIEIRA I The Expression of Quan tificational Notions in Asurini do Trocara: Evidence against the Universality of Determiner Quantification 701 Index 721 PREFACE This volume of papers grew out of a research project on "Cross-Linguistic Quantification" originated by Emmon Bach, Angelika Kratzer and Barbara Partee in 1987 at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and supported by National Science Foundation Grant BNS 871999. The publication also reflects directly or indirectly several other related activ ities. Bach, Kratzer, and Partee organized a two-evening symposium on cross-linguistic quantification at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America in New Orleans (held without financial support) in order to bring the project to the attention of the linguistic community and solicit ideas and feedback from colleagues who might share our concern for developing a broader typological basis for research in semantics and a better integration of descriptive and theoretical work in the area of quantification in particular. The same trio organized a six-week workshop and open lecture series and related one-day confer ence on the same topic at the 1989 LSA Linguistic Institute at the University of Arizona in Tucson, supported by a supplementary grant, NSF grant BNS-8811250, and Partee offered a seminar on the same topic as part of the Institute course offerings. Eloise Jelinek, who served as a consultant on the principal grant and was a participant in the LSA symposium and the Arizona workshops, joined the group of editors for this volume in 1989. More than half of the papers included in this volume developed out of contributions originally presented at one or more of these events, and the reader will see from the cross-references among many of the papers that there were opportunities for productive inter change and cross-fertilization of ideas among the participants, particularly in the longer Arizona workshop. Other contributions were solicited from colleagues whose work bears directly on the questions we are concerned with here. The paper by James Higginbotham, "Mass and Count Quantifiers", is appearing approximately simultaneously in this book and in Linguistics and Philosophy 17:5, pp. 447--480, 1994, by agreement with the editor of that journal and Kluwer Academic Publishers, the publisher of both. We wish to thank the participants in all of these events and in other vii viii PREFACE informal interactions, and in related classes and seminars, for their important contributions. In addition to those participants who have con tributed their papers to this volume, we particularly want to thank others whose contributions came in the form of presentations, commentary, and discussion in the events mentioned above, some of which is reflected in work published elsewhere but not represented in this volume; their input has greatly improved the quality of much of the research reported here and in many cases, as acknowledged in individual papers, has played an important role in the final forms of papers included here. Thanks for ideas, valuable feedback, and many kinds of valued assis tance to all of our former students who served as Research Assistants on the main research project and on the related workshop and conference project and students in two related quantification seminars at the University of Massachusetts; these include Virginia Brennan, Steven Berman, Kai von Fintel, Molly Diesing, Rose-Marie Dechaine, Veena Dwivedi, Johannes Jonsson, Noriko Kawasaki, Joyce McDonough, Hotze Rullmann, Roger Schwarzschild, Alison Taub, Paul Portner, Yutaka Ohoo, Bill Philip, Janina Rado, Bernhard Rohrbacher, Suzanne Urbanczyk, Anne Vainikka, Karina Wilkinson, and Alessandro Zucchi; and visitors to UMass who also made valuable contributions to quantification seminars: Helen de Hoop, Henriette de Swart, Kozo Iwabe, and Young Sup Kim. We are most grateful to the other three consultants on the research project, David Gil, Maria Bittner, and Ken Hale, who were a major source of advice, inspiration and good ideas over the course of the project. Thanks to the participants in the 1988 LSA Symposium on Cross Linguistic Quantification: besides the four of us, these were Maria Bittner, Leonard Faltz, David Gil, Polly Jacobson, Dick Oehrle, David Dowty, Ken Hale, Jerry Sadock, and Greg Stump. Special thanks to the partic ipants in the seminar, workshop and conference on cross-linguistic quantification at the LSA Linguistic Institute at the University of Arizona in the summer of 1989, including Dick Oehrle, Ed Keenan, Tony Kroch, Kazuhiko Fukushima, Karen Petronio, Nicholas Evans, Sung-Ho Ahn, Hyunoo Lee, Martin Haspelmath, Laszlo Hunyadi, Maria Bittner, Ken Hale, David Gil, Leonard Faltz, Polly Jacobson, Paul Portner, Roger Schwarzschild, Chisato Kitagawa, Michael Hess, Elizabeth Klipple, Louise McNally, Ton van der Wouden, Rudy Troike, Evelyn Ransom, Josefina Garcia Fajardo, and Chungmin Lee. And thanks and apologies to other participants whom we may have forgotten to mention. PREFACE ix Neither the work on the preparation of this volume nor the project which inspired it would have been possible without the financial support of the National Science Foundation, Grants BNS-871999 and BNS- 8811250. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. We are also indebted for support on various aspects of the project to the Linguistics Department of the University of Massachusetts, and to the valuable help of Lynne Ballard, Kathleen Adamczyk, and Melissa Walsh. The University of Arizona provided essential support for all of the activities of the 1989 Linguistic Institute, including our workshop, open lecture series, and one-day conference; thanks to Susan Steele, Institute Director, for assistance with planning and with arrangements for workshop participants; thanks to Cari Spring and our team of UMass Research Assistants for logistical assistance with the one-day confer ence and ongoing workshop activities. Thanks to the Linguistic Society of America for providing the settings in which virtually all of our more "public" activity took place, both the 1988 Annual Meeting where we held our six-hour Symposium and the 1989 Linguistic Institute where we held our workshop, seminar, lecture series, and one-day conference. Special thanks to Margaret Reynolds for her indispensable role in the planning for all those events. Other acknowledgements of indebtedness can be found in the indi vidual papers in this volume. And thanks to all of our friends, loved ones, and colleagues (including to each other) for support, encouragement, and patience through the long process from the time it was decided that it was a good idea to try to bring a cross-linguistic perspective to questions of quantification, into the time when the project got underway and generated a lively ferment of fruitful hypotheses and discussion, and through the time from the initial planning for this book in 1989 to its appearance now. We hope and believe that the work reflected in this book, and related work by others who have been involved in the project along the way, will continue to bear fruit in the form of further questions and hypotheses at the intersection of formal and descriptive semantics and linguistic typology. The Editors