First and Second Edition Copyright © 1994 by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman Third Edition Copyright © 2014 SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miles, Matthew B. Qualitative data analysis: a methods sourcebook / Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, Johnny Saldaña, Arizona State University. — Third edition. pages. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4522-5787-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Social sciences—Research. 2. Education—Research. I. Huberman, A. M. II. Saldaña, Johnny. III. Title. H62.M437 2014 001.4′2—dc23 2013002036 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: Brief Table of Contents List of Displays Preface to the Third Edition by Johnny Saldaña Acknowledgments From the Second Edition by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman About the Authors Part One – The Substantive Start Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 - Research Design and Management Chapter 3 - Ethical Issues in Analysis Chapter 4 - Fundamentals of Qualitative Data Analysis Part Two – Displaying the Data Chapter 5 - Designing Matrix and Network Displays Chapter 6 - Methods of Exploring Chapter 7 - Methods of Describing Chapter 8 - Methods of Ordering Chapter 9 - Methods of Explaining Chapter 10 - Methods of Predicting Part Three – Making Good Sense Chapter 11 - Drawing and Verifying Conclusions Chapter 12 - Writing About Qualitative Research Chapter 13 - Closure Appendix – An Annotated Bibliography of Qualitative Research Resources References Author Index Subject Index Contents List of Displays Preface to the Third Edition by Johnny Saldaña Acknowledgments From the Second Edition by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman About the Authors Part One – The Substantive Start Chapter 1 - Introduction The Purpose of This Book The Nature of This Book Audiences Approach Our Orientation Genres of Qualitative Research An Approach to Qualitative Data Analysis Analytic Methods: Some Common Features The Nature of Qualitative Data General Nature Strengths of Qualitative Data Our View of Qualitative Data Analysis Data Condensation Data Display Drawing and Verifying Conclusions Suggestions for Readers Students and Other Novice Researchers Experienced Researchers Teachers of Qualitative Research Methods Courses Closure and Transition Chapter 2 - Research Design and Management Introduction Tight Versus Loose Designs: Some Trade-Offs Building a Conceptual Framework Description and Rationale Examples Advice Formulating Research Questions Description and Rationale Example Advice Defining the Case Description and Rationale Examples Advice Sampling: Bounding the Collection of Data Description and Rationale Key Features of Qualitative Sampling General Sampling Strategies Within-Case Sampling Multiple-Case Sampling Example Advice Instrumentation Description and Rationale Example Advice Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Data Approaches to Mixed-Methods Designs Management Issues Bearing on Analysis Computer and Software Use Data Management Staffing and Time Planning Closure and Transition Note Chapter 3 - Ethical Issues in Analysis Introduction Agreements With Study Participants Ethical Issues Worthiness of the Project Competence Informed Consent Benefits, Costs, and Reciprocity Harm and Risk Honesty and Trust Privacy, Confidentiality, and Anonymity Intervention and Advocacy Research Integrity and Quality Ownership of Data and Conclusions Use and Misuse of Results Conflicts, Dilemmas, and Trade-Offs Closure and Transition Chapter 4 - Fundamentals of Qualitative Data Analysis Introduction Data Processing and Preparation First-Cycle Codes and Coding Description Applications First-Cycle Coding Examples Creating Codes Revising Codes Structure and Unity in Code Lists Definitions of Codes Levels of Coding Detail Second Cycle Coding: Pattern Codes Description Applications Examples From Codes to Patterns Coding Advice Jottings Analytic Memoing Description and Rationale Examples On Visual Data Memoing Advice Assertions and Propositions Within-Case and Cross-Case Analysis Purposes of Cross-Case Analysis A Key Distinction: Variables Versus Cases Strategies for Cross-Case Analysis Closure and Transition Part Two – Displaying the Data Chapter 5 - Designing Matrix and Network Displays Introduction Display Format Options Matrices Networks Timing of Display Design Formatting the Matrix Template Entering Matrix and Network Data Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions From Matrices and Networks The Methods Profiles Closure and Transition Chapter 6 - Methods of Exploring Introduction Exploring Fieldwork in Progress Data Accounting Log Contact Summary Form Case Analysis Meeting Interim Case Summary Partially Ordered Meta-Matrix Explanatory Effects Matrix Exploring Variables Checklist Matrix Content-Analytic Summary Table Contrast Table Two-Variable Case-Ordered Matrix Exploring Reports in Progress Pre-structured Case Sequential Analyses Closure and Transition Chapter 7 - Methods of Describing Introduction Describing Participants Role-Ordered Matrix Context Chart Describing Variability Construct Table Conceptually Clustered Matrix Folk Taxonomy Describing Action Vignettes Poetic Display Cognitive Maps Closure and Transition Chapter 8 - Methods of Ordering Introduction Ordering by Time Event-Listing Matrix Growth Gradient Time-Ordered Matrix Ordering Processes Decision Modeling Event-State Network Composite Sequence Analysis Ordering by Cases Case-Ordered Descriptive Meta-Matrix Closure and Transition Chapter 9 - Methods of Explaining Introduction Explaining Interrelationship Variable-by-Variable Matrix Explaining Change Effects Matrix Case Dynamics Matrix Explaining Causation Causal Chains Causal Network: Within-Case Analysis Causal Network: Cross-Case Analysis Closure and Transition Chapter 10 - Methods of Predicting Introduction