Quakers Living in the Lion’s Mouth Southern Dissent University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola Quakers Living in the Lion’s Mouth Te Society of Friends in Northern Virginia, 1730–1865 A. Glenn Crothers Foreword by Stanley Harrold and Randall M. Miller University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Portions of this book draw on A. Glenn Crothers’s previously published work: “Quaker Merchants and Slavery in Early National Alexandria, Virginia: Te Ordeal of William Hartshorne,” Journal of the Early Republic 25 (Spring 2005): 47–77; “‘I Felt Much Interest in Teir Welfare’: Quaker Philanthropy and African Americans in Antebellum Northern Virginia,” Southern Friend 29 (2007): 3–36; and “Northern Virginia’s Quakers and the War for Independence: Negotiating a Path of Virtue in a Revolutionary World,” in Joseph S. Tiedemann and Eugene R. Fingerhut, eds., Te Other Loyalists: Te Common Sort, Royalism, and the Revolution in the Middle Colonies, 1763–1787 (New York: State University of New York Press, 2009), 105–30. Copyright 2012 by A. Glenn Crothers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America. Tis book is printed on Glatfelter Natures Book, a paper certifed under the standards of the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC). It is a recycled stock that contains 30 percent post-consumer waste and is acid-free. 17 16 15 14 13 12 6 5 4 3 2 1 A record of cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8130-3973-2 Te University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Tis book is dedicated to the memory of my father, Albert Crothers. Contents List of Illustrations ix Foreword xi Acknowledgments xiii Prologue: Quakers Living in the Lion’s Mouth 1 1. Friends Come to Northern Virginia 8 2. Finding a Path of Virtue in a Revolutionary World 38 3. Te “Worldly Cares and Business” of Friends 72 4. Embracing “the Oppressor as Well as the Oppressed”: Quaker Antislavery before 1830 106 5. Internal Revolutions: Te Hicksite Schism and Its Consequences 136 6. Strengthening the Bonds of Fellowship: Te Domestic and Public Lives of Quaker Women 170 7. A “Nest of Abolitionists”: Antislavery Goals and Southern Identities 204 8. “Te Union Forever”: Northern Virginia Quakers in the Civil War 237 Epilogue: Conficting Paths of Virtue in Nineteenth-Century America 272 Notes 279 Bibliography 323 Index 355 Illustrations Map 1. Antebellum northern Virginia, Society of Friends Meetings 3 Map 2. Tomas Fisher’s map of Winchester and vicinity 50 Map 3. Map of constituent meetings, Baltimore Yearly Meeting of Friends (Hicksite) 159 Figure 1.1. Hopewell Meeting House 17 Figure 1.2. Fairfax Meeting House 18 Figure 1.3. Old Goose Creek Meeting House 18 Figure 3.1. Portrait of Samuel M. Janney 88 Figure 5.1. Edward Hicks, Te Peaceable Kingdom (c. 1827–1832) 137 Figure 6.1. Portrait of Elizabeth Janney 194 Figure 7.1. Portrait of Benjamin Hallowell 217 Figure 8.1. Portrait of Rebecca M. Wright 260 Figure 8.2. Quaker-supported Freedmen’s school, Camp Todd 263