fi Quad Plus and Indo-Paci c This book explores how the Quad Plus mechanism is set to reshape the global multilateral economic and security co-operations between Quad partner countries and the rest of the world. With the Quad partners—Australia, India, Japan and the United States— seeing deteriorating ties with China, the book provides a holistic under- standing of the reasons why Quad Plus matters and what it means for the post-COVID Indo-Pacific and Asian order. It goes beyond the existing lit- erature of the global post-COVID reality and examines how Quad Plus can grow and find synergy with national and multilateral Indo-Pacific initiatives. Thechaptersanalysethemechanism’suncharacteristicyetactiveapproachof including countries like South Korea, Israel, Brazil, New Zealand and ASEAN/Vietnam for their successful handling of the pandemic crisis, thereby reshaping the new world’s geopolitical vision. A unique study focused solely on the intricacies and the broader dialogue of the “Quad Plus” narrative, the book caters to strategic audiences as well as academics researching international relations, politics, and Indo-Pacific and Asian studies. JagannathP.PandaisaresearchfellowandcentrecoordinatorforEastAsiaat the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (MP- IDSA), New Delhi, India. He is the series editor for Routledge Studies on ThinkAsia.DrPandaisanexpertonChinaandIndo-Pacificsecuritywitha primary focus on East Asia: China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. Ernest Gunasekara-Rockwell serves as the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs and director of the Consortium of Indo-Pacific Researchers. Prior to these roles, he was the acting director and managing editorof Air University Press and the acting dean of the Air Force Research Institute. Routledge Studies on Think Asia Edited by Jagannath P. Panda, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, India This series addresses the current strategic complexities of Asia and forecasts how these current complexities will shape Asia’s future. Bringing together empirical and conceptual analysis, the series examines critical aspects of Asian politics, with a particular focus on the current security and strategic complexities. The series includes academic studies from universities, research institutes and think-tanks and policy oriented studies. Focusing on security and strategic analysis on Asia’s current and future trajectory, this series wel- comes submissions on relationship patterns (bilateral, trilateral and multi- lateral) in Indo-Pacific, regional and sub-regional institutions and mechanisms, corridors and connectivity, maritime security, infrastructure politics, trade and economic models and critical frontiers (boundaries, borders, bordering provinces) that are crucial to Asia’s future. URL: https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies-on-Think-Asia/book- series/TA Mongolia and Northeast Asian Security Nuclear Proliferation, Environment, and Civilisational Confrontations Edited by Alicia J. Campi and Jagannath P. Panda Asian Geopolitics and the US-China Rivalry Edited by Felix Heiduk ASEAN and India-ASEAN Relations Navigating Shifting Geopolitics Edited by M. Mayilvaganan Quad Plus and Indo-Pacific The Changing Profile of International Relations Edited by Jagannath P. Panda and Ernest Gunasekara-Rockwell Indo-Pacific Strategies Navigating Geopolitics at the Dawn of a New Age Edited by Brendon J. Cannon and Kei Hakata China in India's Post-Cold War Engagement with Southeast Asia Chietigj Bajpaee fi Quad Plus and Indo-Paci c fi The Changing Pro le of International Relations Edited by Jagannath P. Panda and Ernest Gunasekara-Rockwell Firstpublished2022 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2022selectionandeditorialmatter,JagannathPandaandErnest Gunasekara-Rockwell;individualchapters,thecontributors TherightofJagannathPandaandErnestGunasekara-Rockwelltobe identifiedastheauthorsoftheeditorialmaterial,andoftheauthorsfor theirindividualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithsections77 and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproduced orutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans, nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording, orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin writingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation withoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordhasbeenrequestedforthisbook ISBN:978-1-032-04860-4(hbk) ISBN:978-1-032-07314-9(pbk) ISBN:978-1-003-20640-8(ebk) DOI:10.4324/9781003206408 TypesetinTimesNewRoman byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents List of tables vii List of contributors viii Acknowledgments xii List of abbreviations xiii Introduction: Quad Plus: Shaping relationships in the Indo-Pacific? 1 JAGANNATHP.PANDAANDERNESTGUNASEKARA-ROCKWELL PARTI Beijing, Quad and the Quad Plus 15 1 China’s views of the Quad and Quad Plus arrangements 17 JEFFREYBECKER 2 Competition and coalitions: The United States, Quad Plus and the Chinese challenge in the Indo-Pacific 30 AKRITIVASUDEVA 3 The Quad Plus and India’s pointed alignment strategy 44 JAGANNATHP.PANDA 4 Nurturing the Quad Plus formula: Institutional perspective of Japan’s FOIP 78 KEIKOGA 5 Australia, New Zealand and the Quad Plus 94 MIGUELA.HÍJAR-CHIAPA PARTII The “Plus” perspectives 109 6 Fracturing architecture?: The Quad Plus and ASEAN centrality in the Indo-Pacific 111 EVANA.LAKSMANA vi Contents 7 Britain in the Indo-Pacific—and the Quad Plus, or even a “Quint”? 124 JOHNHEMMINGSANDJAMESROGERS 8 The Quad Plus and South Korea’s quest for foreign policy autonomy 136 KUYOUNCHUNG 9 Israel, India and Quad Plus: Searching for alternatives to Western perspectives 150 GIUSEPPEDENTICE 10 France and the Quad Plus: Keeping flexibility in the Indo-Pacific 164 CÉLINEPAJON 11 Function over form: Canada’s bolting-in and capabilities-led approach to Quad Plus engagement 177 STEPHENNAGY 12 The Indo-Pacific Quad Plus at Atlantic Latin American shores: Moment of covet or reckoning for Brazilian foreign policy? 192 DATTESHPARULEKAR PARTIII A view from the others 209 13 Russia’s attitude to the Quad Plus: Troublesome present, hazy future 211 ANNAKIREEVAANDALEXEYKUPRIYANOV 14 Quad Plus: A role for Indian Ocean island states? 225 NILANTHISAMARANAYAKE 15 The Quad Plus proposition in a Middle Eastern context 235 BRENDONJ.CANNON 16 The Quad Plus and promoting international connectivity: A focus on the Makran region 249 KENTAAOKI Index 263 Tables 3.1 India’s key defence/military agreementswith Quad countries 49 3.2 India’s key defence/military agreementswith Quad Plus countries 55 8.1 South Korea’s major experiences in networked security architecture 145 11.1 Japan, Australia, India, US and Canada’s converging and diverging interests 181 Contributors Kenta Aoki is a research fellow at Middle East Institute of Japan (MEIJ), Tokyo, Japan. He taught at Ochanomizu University before joining MEIJ in 2019. His research primarily focuses on the Contemporary Politics in Afghanistan and Iran. His recent publications include “Chabahar: The Fault-line in India-Japan Infrastructure Cooperation”, in Jagannath P. Panda (ed.), Scaling India-Japan Cooperation in Indo-Pacific and Beyond 2025: Corridors, Connectivity and Contours (KW Publishers, 2020) and “Afghan Local Police and Statebuilding”, in Hybrid Statebuilding (Nakanishiya Shuppan, 2019; in Japanese). Jeffrey Becker directs the Center for Naval Analyses’ Indo-Pacific Security Affairs Program. His recent work has focused on China’s military as a global force, including China’s military diplomacy, US–China military engagement, China’s economic statecraft, and the security implications of China’s expanding global presence. Dr. Becker’s book Peasants to Pro- testers: Social Ties, Resources, and Migrant Labour Contention in Con- temporary China was published in 2014 by Lexington Books. His more recent publications include “Securing China’s Lifelines Across the Indian Ocean” (US Navy War College, 2020), and China’s Presence in the Middle East and Western Indian Ocean: Beyond Belt and Road (CNA, 2019). Other peer-reviewed writings have appeared in “Comparative Political Studies,” “Journal of Chinese Political Science,” and “Naval War College Review.” Brendon Cannon is assistant professor of international security at Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE. He earned a Ph.D. in Political Science from the Universityof Utah, USA (2009). His research focuses on the nexus of international relations, security studies, and geopolitics. He has published on topics related to regional security and geopolitics, the arms industry, and shifting distributions of power across the Indo-Pacific. Cannon’s articlesappearinDefenceStudies,SmallWarsandInsurgencies,andThird World Quarterly. His forthcoming book, editedwith Kei Hakata, is Indo- Pacific Strategies: Navigating Geopolitics at the Dawn of a New Age (Routledge). List of contributors ix Kuyoun Chung is assistant professor of political science at the Kangwon National University. Her research focuses on US foreign policy and Indo-Pacific security issues including regional security architecture, mar- itime security and grey-zone conflict, and South Korea’s foreign policy. Her recent publications include “South Korea’s Perspective on Quad Plus and Evolving Indo-Pacific Security Architecture” (Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs, 2020) and “American Voters’ Threat Perception on North Korea and their Voting Behavior: Analysis on the 2018 Midterm Election Survey Data” (Journal of Parliamentary Research, 2020). Giuseppe Dentice is the head of the Middle East and North Africa desk at the CeSI - Center for International Studies, where he is researching geo- political and security issues in the MENA region, as well as US foreign policy in the Middle East. He has also contributed to several reports for the Italian Parliament and Ministryof Foreign Affairs, and he is regularly interviewed on MENA affairs by Italian and international media outlets. John Hemmings is a professor at the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (DKI APCSS), a Department of Defense Regional Center. His areas of focus at DKI APCSS are northeast Asian security, Japanese defence policy, the Indo-Pacific concept, alliance theory, and US alliances. He holds adjunct fellowships with Pacific Forum and CSIS and is a James Cook Associate Fellow in Indo-Pacific Geopolitics at the Council on Geostrategy. He regularlycontributeswriting to academic and policy journals and occasionally provides expert commentary to various media, including the BBC, Sky News, the Telegraph and others. Miguel A. Híjar-Chiapa is associate professor of International Relations at theCenterforNorthAmericanStudiesofthePacificStudiesDepartment, University of Guadalajara, Mexico, and president of the Australian and New Zealand Studies Association of North America. He has been avisit- ing scholar at the Center for Australian and New Zealand Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, and the Centre for Defence and Security Studies at Massey University, New Zealand. His researchinterests include International Relations theory, security in the Indo-Pacific, and the for- eign and defence policies of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, the UK, and the US. Anna Kireeva holds the positions of Associate Professor at the Department of Asian and African Studies and of Research Fellow at the Center for Comprehensive Chinese Studies and Regional Projects at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University). She focuses on strategies and foreign policy of great/major powers in East Asia and the Indo-Pacific: China, Japan, the US and Russia as well as India as an emerging power. Her research has recently been centred on Russia’s Asian pivotandRussia’srelationswithJapan,China,SouthKorea,NorthKorea and East Asia in general.