JOURNAL OF Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ISSN: 0972-5687 Volume: 18, Number: 01 January to June Publication: Half Yearly 2018 A Peer Reviewed Journal on Forensic Medicine, Toxicology, Analytical Toxicology, Forensic Science, Environmental Pollution, Forensic Pathology, Clinical Forensic Medicine, Identi�ication, Legal Medicine, State Medicine, Medical Jurisprudence, Medical Ethics, Forensic Nursing, Forensic Odontology, Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Psychiatry and other Allied branches of Medicine and Science dedicated to administration of Justice. Place of Publication: Bathinda (Punjab) India • Indexed with Index Copernicus (Poland), Scopus (Elsevier Products), IndMed (ICMR New Delhi), Safetylit, Worldcat Library & WHO Hinari • JPAFMAT is also having PubMed/NLM catalogue number (NLM Unique ID: 101232466). • Available online at Indian Journals.com and pafmat.com • UGC Approved (Sr. No. 97, Journal No.19445) J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2018;18 (1) ISSN : 0972-5687 PUNJAB ACADEMY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY (Registration No. 139 / 1998-99, Chandigarh) HO: Department of Forensic Medicine, Govt. Medical College Patiala (Punjab) 147001 GOVERNING COUNCIL (2017 - 2019) President General Secretary Joint Secretary Dr. D. S. Bhullar Dr. Akashdeep Aggarwal Dr. Didar Singh Walia Finance Secretary Vice President Web Master Dr. Shilekh Mittal Dr. Rajiv Joshi Dr. Dildar Singh Editor-in-Chief Joint Editor Assistant Editor Dr. Parmod Kumar Goyal Dr. Amandeep Singh Dr. Satinder Pal Singh Executive Members Dr. Ashok Chanana Dr. Preetinder S. Chahal Dr. Amit Singla Dr. Ishwar Tayal Dr. Puneet Khurana Dr. Ashwani Kumar Dr. Dasari Harish Dr. Ajay Kumar Dr. Deep Rattan Mittal Advisors Dr. O.P. Aggarwal Dr. Gurmanjit Singh Dr. R.K. Gorea Dr. S.S. Oberoi Dr. K.K. Aggarwal Dr. Vijaypal Khanagwal Dr. Balbir Kaur Dr. R.K. Sharma Special Invitee Dr. Mukul Chopra Dr. Adish Goyal FOUNDER GOVERNING COUNCIL OF PAFMAT Patron President Executive Members Dr Jagdish Gargi Dr. R. K. Gorea Dr A S Thind, Vice President Dr Jagjiv Sharma, Advisors Dr. D. S. Bhullar Dr Kuldeep Kumar, Dr J. S. Dalal Secretary Dr I. S. Bagga, Dr Harish Tuli Dr. Sat Pal Garg Dr Baljit Singh Dr Maj. Gen (Rtd.) Ajit Singh Treasurer Dr. Nirmal Dass J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2018;18 (1) ISSN : 0972-5687 From the Desk of Editor-in-Chief I am pleased to present the first issue of the year 2018 of Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. I am thankful to the authors and contributors for the scientific articles and research papers which are being published in this issue. I am also thankful to the editorial team for supporting me in its publication and the members of the Academy for giving me the opportunity to serve as Editor-in-Chief of the journal. My special thanks to Joint Editor Dr Amandeep Singh and Assistant Editor Dr Satinder Pal Singh for their support and sincere efforts for timely publication and release of this issue. The Journal publishes original research papers, review articles, case reports and review of books on Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The Journal highlights the achievements of the academy and its members. This journal is meant for achieving the aims and goals of the academy to expand the academic activities, spread the knowledge and latest research in the field of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. My request to all the members of academy to share interesting case reports/photographs of medico legal cases for publication and benefit of readers. Even case photographs can be sent on whattsapp after hiding the identity. Any suggestions and advice for further improving the standards and quality of the journal will be highly appreciated and may be sent to me through email or my whattsapp no. 9876005211. ISSN Numbers: that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere. ISSN-L: 0972-5687, p-ISSN: 0972-5687, e-ISSN: 0974- Submission of multi-authored paper implies that the consent 083X. of each author has been taken. Researchers/Authors should adhere to publication requirements that submitted work is Indexed with: original, not plagiarized, ethical an has not been published IndexCopernicushttp://journals.indexcopernicus.com/karta.p elsewhere. hp?id=4715 Every effort has been made not to publish any inaccurate or Scopus (SCI): misleading information. However, the Editor-in-Chief, the http://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=199001949 Joint Editor or any member of the editorial committee accept 14&ip=sid&clean=0 no liability in consequences of such statements. For any further information/query please contact with Editor-in-Chief. Volume of Distribution: 300 copies. Funding Bodies: Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Donations from Philanthropists and manuscript handling charges Address for submission of articles Online (Soft Copy): [email protected] Copyright: No part of this publication may be reprinted or republished without the prior permission of Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. Submission of all papers to the journal is understood to imply Dr Parmod Kumar Goyal 1 JOURNAL OF Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ISSN: 0972-5687 Volume: 18, Number: 01 January to June Publication: Half Yearly Contents *From the Desk of Editor-in-Chief 01 *Contents 2-3 * Editorial : Theory of Relative Justice 4-5 Imran Sabri, Sayed A. Quadri *Original Research Papers 1. Correlation Study Between Fingerprint Patterns and Rh Blood Group 6-9 Smitha Rani, Balaraj BM 2. Chromatographic Separation of Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine and Phenyl Propanolamine on 10-12 Silica Gel –G Layers Using Different Solvent Systems Kavita Goyal, Neha Tomar, R. K. Sarin, S.K. Shukla 3. Lightning Deaths in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia 13-16 Rajeev Varma, Enyew Debash, Sesen Tsegaye, Dharmaraya Ingale 4. Informed Consent In A Medical Treatment – KAP Study 17-24 Nidhi Sachdeva, Vivek Srivastava, Ashok Najan 5. Profile of Medico Legal Cases at Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College 25-27 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Vivek Srivastava, Ashok Najan, Pradeep Kumar Markam, Shivoham Shukla 6. Gaps in Nursing Training on Biomedical Waste Management and Handling: 28-32 Situational analysis at a Tertiary Care Public Hospital Ravinder Nath Bansal, Sonu Gupta 7. A Study of Completed Suicide Among Women in the Reproductive Age Group From 33-37 Coastal Karnataka Haneil Larson D'Souza, Prashantha Bhagavath, Francis NP Monteiro, Tanuj Kanchan Suresh Kumar Shetty, Jagadish Rao P.P, Pavanchand Shetty H 8. An Alternative Method for Extraction and Cleaning of Bones From Buried Cadavers 38-40 Monika Gupta, Parmod Goyal, Navita Aggarwal 9. For Ethical Doctors: Does selection process for Medical students require a change? 41-43 Mrinal Kanti Jha, Jagadish Biswas, Tilak Bose, Shyam Sekhar Choudhury 10. Multiple Linear Regression to Determine Stature Using Hand and Feet Dimensions Among 44-49 Central Indian Population. Anudeep Singh 11. Determination of the Sequence of Strokes Made from the Same Color and Type of the Ink 50-53 Manisha Mann, Sudhir Kumar Shukla, Seema Rani Pathak 12. A Study On Waste Disposal Management In A Tertiary Care Hospital 54-57 Pratik V Tarvadi 13. Wound Dating By Gross And Histopathological Examination of Abrasions- 58-62 An Autopsy Based Study Prashanthi Krishna Dharma Ramasamy Devaraj, Thanka J, Sampath Kumar, Selva Arasi 14. Reprotoxic Effects of Noon tea on Drosophila Melanogaster 63-65 Lovleen, Altaf Hussain, Bhupendra Koul 2 JOURNAL OF Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ISSN: 0972-5687 Volume: 18, Number: 01 January to June Publication: Half Yearly Contents 15. Epidemiological Profile, Pattern of Skull Fractures and Intracranial Haemorrages in 66-68 Fatal Road Traffic Accident Victims: An Autopsy Study Munish Kumar, Sukhdeep Singh, Yatiraj Singi *Case Reports 1. Accessory Lobes of Liver - A rare malformation noticed during autopsy 69-70 Vijay Arora, Arun Gautam 2. Pericardial Rupture without Cardiac Injury or Herniation 71-72 Vikram Palimar, Kaushal Kishore, Sajan Babu, Chandni Gupta 3. Elongated Styloid Process (Eagle Syndrome) - A rare finding at autopsy 73-74 Yogesh Kumar Vashist, Sakshi Sharma, Bhagwat Rajput, Anil Garg, Rahul Chawla, Gaurav Sharma *Review Article 1. Role of Forensic Odontologists in Child Abuse Detection and reporting : A Review 75-77 Pooja Puri, SK Shukla, I. Haque 2. Nanotechnology And Its Applications In Forensic Sciences- A Boon To Legal Justice 78-83 Jaskaran Singh, Neeta Raj Sharma, Chelsea Marie Joseph, Dattatraya Khisse, Savreet Kaur, Pratibha Rani, Divya Sahu *Correspondence 1. Suggestion for MPT act, “abortion on demand”? 84 Lalit Kumar 2. Recommendations Sent to Government of Punjab for Bringing Necessary Amendments in the 85-87 Punjab Anatomy Act. Priti Chaudhary, Parmod Kumar Goyal *Instructions to Authors 88 *Life Membership Form 89 *Book Review 90 *Life Members PAFMAT 91-92 3 J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2018;18(1) ISSN : 0972-5687 Editorial Theory of Relative Justice 1. Imran Sabri, Assistant Professor, Division of Forensic Medicine* 2. Sayed A. Quadri, Assistant Professor, Division of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences* *College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT : Justice is defined according to dictionary.com as “the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness”. Justice and injustice are relative terms, as justice for one may be injustice to the other. “The Theory of Relative Justice” implies that “we are living in a world of Relative Justice”. In order to protect the rights of majority population, we have compromised the rights of the minority. If it were to happen that the minority becomes the majority “The Theory of Relative Justice” will still prevail. “The Doctrine of Relative Justice” is an applied approach in which the benefits of majority population are of paramount consideration and perhaps application of Relative justice may not be a bad choice. “The Theory of Relative Justice” can be considered independent of majority and minority status. Practicing relative justice may be considered a better approach than practicing no Justice. Absolute Justice may seem to be a utopian dream to some; however it is desirable and achievable. Corresponding Author Article History: Received: 17 January 2018 Dr. Imran Sabri, Received in revised form: 29 May 2018 Assistant Professor, College of Medicine, King Faisal Accepted on: 29 May 2018 University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Available online: 1 July 2018 Contact : +966565554107 Email : [email protected], [email protected] KEYWORDS : Justice, Relative Justice,Theory INTRODUCTION : Utilitarianism has been debatable as legal understanding may differ. A famous quote by William E. Gladstone is “Justice Delayed is Justice Denied”[1]. But what if the justice is not A 14 year old boy arrested in a country on complaint of school done at all, or justice has been done in favour of accused which staff who suspects him to make a clock bomb later turns out to obviously is injustice to the victim. Justice is defined according be a case of racial prejudice. This incidence was covered by to dictionary.com as “the quality of being just; righteousness, media which highlighted profound private information[7]. Had equitableness, or moral rightness.”[2]. Justice and injustice are there been a similar incidence occurred with a student of relative terms, as justice for one may be injustice to the other different background, the fate could have been otherwise. party. Absolute justice as per Merriam Webster dictionary is Other similar incidences are reported albeit the names of the “free from imperfection”[3]. It can be interpreted that absolute accused/victim. In the above mentioned case the victim has justice is a perfect trait, and, since only God is perfect hence been accused as criminal. Now the question arises that who is only He can deliver it. As human beings could be imperfect in the criminal in actuality? or whom can we blame ? the media, their judgment, it can impact criminal justice administration the school staff, the police or the society. In reality all of them and absolute justice cannot be assured in true sense. In this are fulfilling their duties. Then who is the real culprit? In this article we will look into a few imperfections prevalent in our instance it can be said that “Doctrine of Relative Justice” has existing criminal justice administration system. “The Theory prevailed. In order to protect the rights of majority population, of Relative Justice” implies that “we are living in a world of we have compromised the rights of the minority. Relative Justice” which need not be necessarily absolute A certain country bans a particular dress[8], while another justice. makes it mandatory[9]. In this situation, a particular dress is Utilitarianism, on the other hand, deals with the concerns of legal in one country but illegal in other. Therefore a country majority and cannot be regarded as justice, however it could be may take legal action against people wearing that dress while labeled as an ethical term. Ethics and law differ in that ethics another country legally enforces the wearing of that dress. are social guidelines based on moral principles and values Absolute justice states that everyone should have the freedom while laws are rules and regulations that have specific penalties to wear the dress of their choice. The society however and consequences when violated[6]. The practice of sometimes defines its dress code according to the norms set by 4 J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2018;18(1) ISSN : 0972-5687 it and the rights of individual stand violated. Now in the afore webster.com/dictionary/absolute . mentioned instance certain nations may actively discourage 4. John Rawls. A Theory of Justice By John Rawls-Revision the full covering of the body or face and in a similar way, rules Edition . Massachusetts . Harvard University Press 1999. governing sports activities may restrict use of clothing's. These Available from issues could also be considered as violation of the rights of https://books.google.com.sa/books? individuals and hence doctrine of relative justice is also id=kvpby7HtAe0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q applicable here. &f=false DISCUSSION: 5. Henry R, West. [Internet] Utilitarialism [Cited on May 29, Justice for one may be injustice to other, in the cases mentioned 2018]. Available from above. Justice, Law, Ethics, Social Norms etc are applied in https://www.utilitarianism.com/utilitarianism.html relative context in the society. How is it possible that we have 6. What Is the Difference Between Ethics and Law? different laws for same crime or different criminal justice [Internet]. Available from administration system for different sections of the society? This could only happen if criminal justice administration https://www.reference.com/government- system is biased on the bases of religion, caste, skin color, politics/difference-between-ethics-law- seeking dominance, region etc. 1b772dd7ebc7cd74# [Cited on April 1, 2018]. “The Doctrine of Relative Justice” is an applied approach in 7. Ashley Fantz, Steve Almasy and AnneClaire Stapleton, which the benefits of majority population are of paramount CNN. Muslim teen Ahmed Mohamed creates clock, consideration and perhaps application of Relative justice may shows teachers, gets arrested [Internet] September 16, not be a bad choice, as at least we are giving justice to the 2015. [Cited on April 1, 2018] Available From majority population while restricting the rights of the minority. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/16/us/texas-student- If it were to happen that the minority becomes the majority ahmed-muslim-clock-bomb/ . “The Theory of Relative Justice” will still prevail. 8. Lizzei Dearden. China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards CONCLUSION: in Muslim province of Xinjiang [Internet] May 30, 2017 [Cited on April 1, 2018] Available from It could be concluded that “The Theory of Relative Justice” is http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china- prevalent across the world. Absolute Justice seems to be burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang- merely a textbook term and doesn't seem to be practiced. “The veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom- Theory of Relative Justice” can be considered independent of a7657826.html majority and minority status. Practicing relative justice may be considered a better approach than practicing no Justice. 9. The Economist. [Internet] Saudi Arabia's dress code for Absolute Justice may seem to be a utopian dream to some; women.[Cited on April 2, 2018] Available from however it is desirable and achievable. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist- explains/2015/01/economist-explains-20. Ethical approval : None/Not Applicable Funding : None/Self-Funded Conflicts of interest : No conflicts of interest. REFERENCES : 1. "William E. Gladstone Quotes." BrainyQuote.com. X p l o r e I n c , 2 0 1 8 . 2 9 M a y 2 0 1 8 . https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/william_e_gladsto ne_101551 2. Dictionary.com [Internet] Justice [Cited on April 1, 2018] . Available from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/justice 3. Merriam Webster Dictionary Internet] Absolute [Cited on April 1, 2018] . Available from https://www.merriam- 5 J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2018;18(1) ISSN : 0972-5687 DOI: 10.5958/0974-083X.2018.00001.8 Original Research Paper Correlation Study Between Fingerprint Patterns and Rh Blood Group 1. Smitha Rani, Assistant Professor* 2. Balaraj BM, Professor* *Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. ABSTRACT : Introduction: Establishment of identity is an important component of medico legal practice. Among the various comparative data techniques available for identification, fingerprints has long been regarded as the greatest contribution to the police force. Objective:To establish a possible relationship between fingerprint pattern and Rh blood group. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 500 (250 male & 250 female) subjects of Indian origin above the age of 18 years, who were selected randomly from the students & staff members from various educational institutions of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru. Results: 93.8% subjects in the study were Rh positive, of which 31.8% belonged to blood group O, 29.8% belonged to blood group B, 24.8% belonged to blood group A and 7.4% belonged to blood group AB. Among Rh negative individuals, blood group B and O had same frequency amounting to 2.2%. 1.8% subjects belonged to Blood group A and none of the subjects in the study were AB negative. Fingerprint pattern analysis showed that, loops were the most common pattern in the study followed by whorls and arches respectively among both Rh positive and Rh negative individuals. A non significant association was observed between fingerprint pattern and Rh blood group. Conclusion: The association between Rh blood group and fingerprint pattern was not significant. Hence the result of this study infers that Rh blood group is not an effective tool in predicting the primary fingerprint pattern of the individual when Rh blood group is known. Corresponding Author Article History: Dr. Smitha Rani Received: 23 March 2018 Assistant Professor Received in revised form: 29 April 2018 Accepted on: 29 April 2018 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Available online: 01 July 2018 J.S.S Medical College, , JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Bannimantap, Mysore-570015, Karnataka, India. Telephone no: 09886673946 Email: [email protected] KEYWORDS : Rh Blood Group, Fingerprint Print Pattern, Identification. INTRODUCTION : various comparative data techniques listed above, Personal identification through fingerprints has long been recognized Identification means determination of the individuality of a and is regarded as the greatest contribution to the police force. person based on certain physical characteristics unique to that individual[1]. It is the most important component in medico Study of fingerprints as a method of identification is also known as Dactylography or Dactyloscopy or Henry – Galton legal practice. Identity of a person may be absolute (complete) system of identification[3]. The finger print patterns are or partial (incomplete). Complete identification is the absolute distinctive and permanent in individuals. The pattern is determination of the individuality of the person. Incomplete or different even in identical twins. partial identification is the ascertainment of only a few facts whereas the other facts are unknown. Similar to fingerprints, blood as trace evidence is an extremely important entity of medico legal practice. In Forensic Science The various comparative techniques for identification are and Medicine, the ABO and Rh blood group system have been dental patterns and restorations, finger, palm and foot prints, a major focus, since the record of this blood group system is a superimposition technique, neutron activation analysis, anthropometry and trace evidence comparisons[2]. Among the very prevalent one. A, B and O (H) antigens on erythrocytes are 6 J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2018;18(1) ISSN : 0972-5687 DOI: 10.5958/0974-083X.2018.00001.8 present since birth and can be determined from soft tissues, the blood group using SPANCLONE monoclonal antibodies hair, nails, dental tissues and bone and in about 80 % of the (Blood grouping antisera). individuals. They can be demonstrated in all body fluids except Fingerprint Recording : the cerebrospinal fluid. The subjects were asked to wash and dry their hands to remove Aside from the antigens of the ABO system, those of dirt and grease. Inkless fingerprint pad, square in shape, the Rh system are of the great clinical importance. The “Rh measuring 2 inch x 1.5 inch was used to obtain the fingerprints. factor”, named after Rhesus monkey because it was first The subject was asked to keep his / her arm relaxed and not to studied using the blood of this animal, is a system composed try to help in rolling the fingers as this may cause smearing. primarily of the C, D and E antigens, although it actually Then the finger bulbs were rolled on the fingerprint pad – “the contains many more. Unlike the ABO antigens, the Rh system thumbs were rolled towards the subject's body and the fingers has not been detected in tissues other than the red cells. D is far were rolled away from the body, i.e. thumb in fingers out the most antigenic component, and the term “Rh-positive” method” (Figure 1). means that the individual has agglutinogen D. The “Rh- negative” individual has no D antigen and forms the anti-D agglutinin when injected with D-positive cells. The Rh typing serum used in routine blood typing is anti-D serum. 85% of the Caucasians are D-positive and 15% are D-negative; over 99% of the Asians are D-positive. Unlike the antibodies of the ABO system, anti-D antibodies do not develop without the exposure of a D-negative individual to D-positive red cells by transfusion or entrance of fetal blood into maternal circulation[4]. Both Fingerprint pattern and blood group are genetically determined. The inheritance of dermatoglyphic Figure 1: Ink being smeared on the fingertip by rolling the features is said to be polygenic, where individual gene finger on inkless fingerprint pad. contribute a small additive effect. Even the genetic basis for And then the rolled impressions of each finger were obtained in inheritance of blood groups is well established. Fingerprint the allotted space for that finger on the Proforma (Figure 2). pattern and blood group have been extensively but separately Single inkless finger print pad was used to record 800 rolled studied. Hence the present study is aimed at studying the impressions. correlation between these two important comparative data techniques to serve the process of positive identification. MATERIALS AND METHODS : After approval by institutional ethics committee, 500 subjects (250 male and 250 female) of Indian origin and above 18 years of age were analyzed. Subjects with leprosy, electrical injury, radiation exposure and those with recent blood transfusion which cause permanent impairment of finger print pattern were excluded from the study. Convenience sampling technique was adopted. Informed Figure 2: Inked fingertip being rolled on the proforma to written consent was obtained prior to taking the prints and obtain fingerprint. determining the blood group. The study was undertaken in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Statistical Analysis: Mysuru,Karnataka, India. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using SPSS Blood Group Determination : (Statistical Programme for Social Sciences, version 16.0) Blood samples were collected by finger prick with a sterile computer software package. Descriptive statistics, lancet, after cleaning the puncture site with 70% ethyl alcohol. contingency co-efficient test were applied and p-value <0.05 Rapid slide test was done as an assay procedure to determine was considered as significant. 7 J Punjab Acad Forensic Med Toxicol 2018;18(1) ISSN : 0972-5687 DOI: 10.5958/0974-083X.2018.00001.8 RESULTS : past [5-7]. Distribution of cases according to Rh blood group The studies conducted in North Africa, Southern Nigeria, Kenya and Tanzania revealed similar findings[8-10]. 469 (93.8%) subjects in the study were Rh positive, of which However, our findings do not coincide with the study 159 (31.8%) belonged to blood group O, 149(29.8%) belonged conducted in New Zealand which revealed more abundant to blood group B, 124(24.8%) belonged to blood group A and whorls (55.6%) than loops (43.6%) in males and much higher 37 (7.4%) belonged to blood group AB. Among Rh negative frequency of whorls (65.6%) and lower frequency of loops individuals, blood group B and O had same frequency (33.7%) in females[11] . amounting to 2.2%. 9 (1.8%) subjects belonged to Blood group A and none of the subjects in the study were AB negative. The universal distribution of pattern of fingerprint among various studies conducted in India in the past is higher Pattern of fingerprints frequency of loops, moderate of whorls and low of arches in Fingerprint pattern analysis showed that, loops were the most both Rh positive and Rh negative individuals[12-15]. common pattern ( 54%) followed by whorls (39%) and arches In this study, the percentage of loop was highest in (7%) in the study group . Rh-negative (59.7%) and lowest in Rh-positive (59%) which is Distribution of various fingerprint patterns in Rh blood dissimilar to findings recorded by Mehta and Mehta[16], group Kshirsagar et al[13] and Bharadwaj et al[12]. Whereas the Loops amounted to 59%, whorls 39 % and the Arches 7 % in frequency of whorls was highest in Rh-positive (39%) and the Rh positive individuals. Among the Rh negative subjects, lowest in Rh-negative individuals (37.4%), which correlated the frequency of loops, whorls and arches were 59.7%, 37.4% with the findings of Mehta and Mehta [16] and was contrary to the and 2.9% respectively. findings of Kshirsagar et al[13] and Bharadwaj et al[12]. The Table No. 1 : Shows correlation between fingerprint percentage of arches was highest in Rh-positive (7%) and pattern and Rh blood group, which shows P value of more lowest in Rh-negative (2.9%) which was in discord with the than 0.05%. Hence, it can be inferred that a non significant findings of all the three aforementioned studies[12, 13, 16]. association exists between fingerprint pattern and Rh Two researchers in India studied a sample size of 181 blood group. males and 147 females to establish the correlation between dermatoglyphics and Rh blood group, observations made in PATTERN TOTAL the study showed that the distribution of fingertip patterns Loop Whorl Arch among Rh positive and Rh negative blood group was not RH Positive 2531 1827 332 4690 significant[17]. This is comparable with the present study. 54 % 39% 7.0% 100 % CONCLUSION : Negative 185 116 9 310 The study concludes that the most frequent pattern of 59.7 % 37.4 % 2.9 % 100 % fingerprint in Indian population was loop followed by whorl 2716 1943 341 5000 and arch. There is no significant association between TOTAL 54 % 39% 7% 100 % distribution of fingerprint patterns and Rh blood group. Hence, the above finding indicates that these characteristics are independent of each other and may be used independently in DISCUSSION : the process of identification. Fingerprints and blood groups are popular methods of REFERENCES : identification in the field of anthropology worldwide. In the 1. Parikh CK. Identification. In, Parikh's Textbook of present study, an attempt was made to study the distribution of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and fingerprint pattern in different Rh blood group and to ascertain Toxicology for classrooms & courtrooms.6th ed. New the association between pattern of fingerprints and Rh blood Delhi: CBS publishers; 2006:2.2-2.14. group. 2. Vij K. Identification. In, Textbook of Forensic The present study reveals that loop was the most Medicine and Toxicology, Principles and Practice. 3rd frequently observed pattern of fingerprint followed by whorl ed. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2005:60. and arch in both males and females. Gender dimorphism was 3. Nandy A. Identification of Individual, Identification not observed. The findings observed was similar to the studies from trace evidences and their other evidential conducted on Indian population by various researchers in the 8