WEITEN McCANN TP H S E M Y E SC A NH D O V A L R IO A T G I O NY S PSYCHOLOGY THEMES AND VARIATIONS FIFTH CANADIAN EDITION nelson.com WAYNE WEITEN IISSBBNN--1103:: 09-7187--06-71271-62772-4127-5 DOUG McCANN 9 780176 721275 FIFTH CANADIAN EDITION psychology_themes_5ce_cov.indd All Pages 1/17/18 9:54 AM FIFTH CANADIAN EDITION PSYCHOLOGY THEMES AND VARIATIONS Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 1 18/01/18 7:59 pm Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 2 18/01/18 7:59 pm FIFTH CANADIAN EDITION PSYCHOLOGY THEMES AND VARIATIONS WAYNE WEITEN University of Nevada, Las Vegas DOUG McCANN York University With contributions from MARK HOLDER University of British Columbia Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 3 18/01/18 7:59 pm This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. 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No part of Library and Archives Canada Education Ltd. this work covered by the copyright Cataloguing in Publication Data herein may be reproduced, Adapted from Psychology: Themes transcribed, or used in any form Weiten, Wayne, 1950-, author and Variations, Tenth Edition, or by any means—graphic, Psychology: themes & variations / by Wayne Weiten, published by electronic, or mechanical, including Wayne Weiten, University of Nevada, Cengage Learning. Copyright ©2017 photocopying, recording, taping, Las Vegas, Doug McCann, York by Cengage Learning. Web distribution, or information University; with contributions from Printed and bound in Canada storage and retrieval systems— Mark Holder, University of British 1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18 without the written permission of Columbia.—Fifth Canadian edition. the publisher. 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ISBN-13: 978-0-17-672127-5 ISBN-10: 0-17-672127-4 Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 4 18/01/18 7:59 pm For Nancy, Harry, Jackie, Lucy, and Tuck—D. M. Beth and T.J., this one is for you—W. W. Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 5 18/01/18 7:59 pm ABOUT THE AUTHORS WAYNE WEITEN is a graduate of Bradley University A Multimedia Introduction to Psychology, and he and received his Ph.D. in social psychology from recently co-authored a chapter on the Introductory the University of Illinois, Chicago in 1981. He has Psychology course for The Oxford Handbook of taught at the College of DuPage and Santa Clara Psychology Education (Weiten & Houska, 2015). University, and currently teaches at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He has received distinguished DOUG McCANN received his B.A. from the teaching awards from Division Two of the American University of Waterloo and his M.A. and Ph.D. Psychological Association (APA) and from the College from the University of Western Ontario. Following of DuPage. He is a Fellow of Divisions 1, 2, and 8 of completion of his Ph.D., he did a post-doctoral the American Psychological Association and a Fellow fellowship at Ohio State University. He has been of the Midwestern Psychological Association. In a member of the Psychology Department at York 1991, he helped chair the APA National Conference University since 1983. At York he has taught at the on Enhancing the Quality of Undergraduate graduate level in the Clinical, Developmental, and Education in Psychology. He is a former President of Social/Personality programs and at the undergrad- the Society for the Teaching of Psychology and the uate level. His current teaching interests focus on Rocky Mountain Psychological Association. In 2006, Introductory Psychology, Social Psychology, and one of the five national teaching awards given annu- the Psychology of Depression. He has won a variety ally by the Society for the Teaching of Psychology of teaching awards while at York University and has was named in his honour. Weiten has conducted served in several administrative positions there, research on a wide range of topics, including edu- most recently as Director of the Graduate Program cational measurement, jury decision making, attri- in Psychology at York University. His research bution theory, pressure as a form of stress, and the interests focus on social cognition, information technology of textbooks. He is also the co-author processing models of depression, mindfulness of Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in meditation, and the effects of childhood trauma the 21st Century (with Dana S. Dunn and Elizabeth on emotional processing. He would be delighted to Yost Hammer, Cengage, 2015, 11th ed.). Weiten receive comments about this textbook—just email has created an educational CD-ROM titled PsykTrek: him at [email protected]. vi A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S NEL Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 6 18/01/18 7:59 pm BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 1 The Evolution of Psychology 1 Chapter 2 The Research Enterprise in Psychology 32 Chapter 3 The Biological Bases of Behaviour 66 Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception 110 Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness 154 Chapter 6 Learning 194 Chapter 7 Human Memory 238 Chapter 8 Language and Thought 278 Chapter 9 Intelligence and Psychological Testing 311 Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion 346 Chapter 11 Human Development across the Life Span 386 Chapter 12 Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment 435 Chapter 13 Social Behaviour 473 Chapter 14 Stress, Coping, and Health 517 Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders 552 Chapter 16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 605 Appendix A: Answers to Concept Checks A-1 Appendix B: Statistical Methods A-6 References R-1 Name Index I-1 Subject Index I-37 NNEELL B R I E F C O N T E N T S vii Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 7 18/01/18 7:59 pm CHAPTER 1 From Speculation to Science: The Evolution of How Psychology Developed 3 A New Science Is Born 4 The Battle of the “Schools” Begins: Structuralism versus Functionalism 4 Psychology Watson Alters Psychology’s Course as Behaviourism Makes Its Debut 6 Freud Brings the Unconscious into the Picture 7 Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviourism Flourishes 8 The Humanists Revolt 9 Psychology in Canada 11 Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession 12 Cognition and Neuroscience in Psychology 13 A Focus on Culture and Diversity 15 Psychology Adapts: The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology 15 An Illustrated Overview of Psychology’s History 16 Psychology Moves in a Positive Direction: The Positive Psychology Movement 18 Psychology Today: Vigorous and Diversified 19 Research Areas in Psychology 19 Professional Specialties in Psychology 20 Putting It in Perspective: Seven Key Themes 22 Themes Related to Psychology as a Field of Study 22 Themes Related to Psychology’s Subject Matter 24 PERSONAL APPLICATION Improving Academic Performance 26 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Developing Critical Thinking Skills: An Introduction 28 Concept Chart 30 University Atkins, York © Rebecca viii C O N T E N T S NEL Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21275_FM_ptg01.indd 8 18/01/18 7:59 pm