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Muchinsky Executive Editor:Michele Sordi Text Designer:Cheryl Carrington Assistant Editor:Dan Moneypenny Art Editor:Lisa Torri Editorial Assistant:Jessica Kim Photo Researcher:Kathleen Olson Technology Project Manager:Erik Fortier Copy Editor:Carol Reitz Marketing Manager:Chris Caldeira Illustrator:Laurie Albrecht Marketing Assistant:Nicole Morinon Cover Designer:Larry Didona Advertising Project Manager:Tami Strang Cover Image:Top to bottom: Corbis; George B. Diebold/Corbis; Project Manager, Editorial Production:Catherine Morris Alan Schein Photography/Corbis; Corbis; Corbis Creative Director:Rob Hugel Cover Printer:Phoenix Color Corp Senior Art Director:Vernon Boes Compositor:G&S Typesetters Print Buyer:Rebecca Cross Text Printer:R.R. Donnelley Permissions Editor:Stephanie Lee Production Service:Nancy Shammas, New Leaf Publishing Services © 2006 Thomson Wadsworth, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson Higher Education Thomson, the Star logo, and Wadsworth are trademarks used herein 10 Davis Drive under license. Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any For more information about our products, contact us at: means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval 1-800-423-0563 systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Printed in the United States of America Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 09 08 07 06 05 email to [email protected]. ExamView®andExamView Pro®are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Portions of pages 24, 25, 46, 47, 61, 86, 96, 124, 182, 183, 187, 188, Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power 189, 207, 210, 249, 304, 313, 353, 354, 355, 424 excerpted and/or Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used quoted by special permission of the Publisher, CPP, Inc., Mountain herein under license. View, CA 94043 fromHandbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychologyedited by M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough, 2nd Edition, Library of Congress Control Number: 2004117868 Volume 1 © 1991, 2nd Edition, Volume 2 © 1991, and 2nd Edition, Student Edition ISBN: 0-534-60781-0 Volume 3 © 1992. All rights reserved. Further reproduction is prohibited without the Publisher’s written consent. International Student Edition ISBN: 0-495-00681-5 (Not for sale in the United States) To my students In gratitude for all that I learned from you About the Author Paul M. Muchinsky was born and raised in Connecticut. He received his B.A. degree in psychology from Gettysburg College, his M.S. degree in psychology from Kansas State University, and his Ph.D. degree in industrial/organizational psychology from Purdue University. He was a faculty member of Iowa State University for twenty years. In 1993 he was appointed theJoseph M. Bryan Distinguished Professor of Business at The Uni- versity of North Carolina at Greensboro. In 2004 Dr. Muchinsky was the inaugural recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Contribution Award from the Society for In- dustrial and OrganizationalPsychologyforhisoutstandingeducationalcontributionsto thefield.Throughout his career, Dr. Muchinsky has been very active in a wide range ofprofessional activities withinthefieldofindustrial/organizationalpsychology.Many ofthecasesandexamples ofconceptspresentedinthisbookcomedirectlyfromhispro- fessionalexperiences.Whennot engaged as an I/O psychologist, Dr. Muchinsky fanta- sizes about playing baseball for the New York Yankees. Brief Contents 1 The Historical Background of I/O Psychology 1 2 Research Methods in I/O Psychology 22 3 Criteria: Standards for Decision Making 56 4 Predictors: Psychological Assessments 90 5 Personnel Decisions 138 6 Organizational Learning 181 7 Performance Management 213 8 Organizations and Organizational Change 248 9 Teams and Teamwork 284 10 Organizational Attitudes and Behavior 312 11 Occupational Health 344 12 Work Motivation 380 13 Leadership 419 14 Union/Management Relations 448 This page intentionally left blank Contents Chapter 1 The Historical Background of I/O Psychology 1 Industrial/Organizational Psychology 2 Fields of I/O Psychology 4 Licensing of Psychologists 5 The History of I/O Psychology 6 The Early Years (1900–1916) 6 World War I (1917–1918) 9 Between the Wars (1919–1940) 11 World War II (1941–1945) 13 Toward Specialization (1946–1963) 14 Government Intervention (1964–1993) 14 The Information Age (1994–Present) 16 Overview 17 The Changing Nature of Work: I/O Psychology and 9/11/01 18 Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology 19 The Mandate of I/O Psychology 20 Chapter Summary 21 Web Resources 21 Chapter 2 Research Methods in I/O Psychology 22 The Empirical Research Process 23 Statement of the Problem 23 Design of the Research Study 25 Primary Research Methods 26 Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Cross-Cultural Research 29 Secondary Research Methods 30 Qualitative Research 32 Measurement of Variables 34 Analysis of Data 35 Conclusions from Research 45 Field Note 1: Researcher As Detective 47 Ethical Issues in Research 47 Research in Industry 49 The Changing Nature of Work: Genetic Research 50 Field Note 2: An Ethical Dilemma 51 Field Note 3: Win the Battle but Lose the War 53 Case Study ■ How Should I Study This? 54 Chapter Summary 55 Web Resources 55