Psychology and Modern Warfare PreviousPublications MichaelTaillard EconomicsandModernWarfare,2012 101ThingsEveryoneNeedstoKnowabouttheGlobalEconomy,2012 CorporateFinanceforDummies,2012 Psychology and Modern Warfare Idea Management in Conflict and Competition MichaelTaillardandHollyGiscoppa psychologyandmodernwarfare Copyright©MichaelTaillardandHollyGiscoppa,2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-34961-3 Allrightsreserved. Firstpublishedin2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN® intheUnitedStates—adivisionofSt.Martin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. WherethisbookisdistributedintheUK,EuropeandtherestoftheWorld, thisisbyPalgraveMacmillan,adivisionofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabove companiesandhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnited States,theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-46798-3 ISBN 978-1-137-34732-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137347329 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Taillard,Michael,1982– Psychologyandmodernwarfare:ideamanagementinconflictand competition/byMichaelTaillard,PhD,MBAandHollyGiscoppa. pages cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1. Psychologicalwarfare. I. Giscoppa,Holly. II. Title. UB275.T352013 355.4(cid:2)1—dc23 2013027802 AcataloguerecordofthebookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. DesignbyIntegraSoftwareServices Firstedition:December2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 ACritiqueonCurrentMethods 5 Part I IdeaModification 9 1 Messages 11 2 Perception 29 3 Identification 49 4 InterpersonalConflict 57 5 Brainwashing 73 6 ChallengesandLimitations 83 7 SuggestionsforFutureResearch 87 Part II EmotionalModification 91 8 DisordersandDisruptiveEmotionalStates 93 9 MotivationandMorale 111 10 Marketing 121 11 TheatricalPresence 139 12 Psychotropics 147 13 ChallengesandLimitations 155 14 SuggestionsforFutureResearch 159 Part III BehavioralModification 163 15 Conditioning 165 16 Culture 171 vi ● Contents 17 BehavioralIntelligence 183 18 OrganizationalManipulation 189 19 Persuasion 205 20 ChallengesandLimitations 221 21 SuggestionsforFutureResearch 223 Conclusion 225 Afterword 229 Bibliography 233 Index 239 List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Ponzoillusions 36 2.2 Zollnerillusion 36 2.3 Reification 37 2.4 Poggendorffillusion 38 4.1 Spreadofideas 65 4.2 Managementofmemeevolution 65 9.1 Maslow’shierarchyofneeds 113 9.2 Herzberg’stwo-factortheoryofmotivation 117 18.1 Hierarchalstructure 190 18.2 Matrixstructure 192 18.3 Processflowchart 195 Tables 16.1 Comparisonofculturaldimensions 173 19.1 Simplezero-sumpayoffmatrix 212 This page intentionally left blank Preface Thehumanmindis,inaveryliteralsense,ahighlyadvancedchemicalcom- puter. The actions we take and the knowledge we possess are all the result of our brains sending and receiving messages coded into electrical pulses, while the emotions and the physiological changes that occur in our bodies are triggered by neurotransmitters (chemicals such as hormones), which, in themselves,arereleasedinresponsetotheaforementionedelectricalcurrents. All of these things happen in a manner both predictable and manageable. So, like any modern-day computer, the human mind can be both pro- grammedandreprogrammed.Theabilitytoprogramtheoppositionforthe purposes of controlling their actions to accomplish military goals without necessarilyputtingoneselfinharmfulsituationsistheheartofpsychological warfare. Likeanyprogramminglanguage,thelanguageofthemindiscomplicated, basedonhumaninstinct,environmentalconditioning,complexandconflict- ingincentives,exposuretoinformation,andsomuchmoreincludedwithin thisbook.Sincethisbookiswrittenforabroadaudiencethatincludespeo- plewhootherwisemaynotbefamiliarwiththeprinciplesofpsychology,we have focused heavily on psychological fundamentals, as well as the manner in which they can be used to accomplish military objectives. In doing so, a foundationcanbederiveduponwhichabrandnewstudyinpsychologycan be built. Although psychological operations have seen a formal presence in manyworldmilitariessincetheearlytwentiethcentury,theyareverymuch lacking in actual psychology, something we will look at in further details in A Critique on Current Methods. By utilizing proven historical examples of bothmilitarysuccessesandfailures,someofwhichareperformedbypsycho- logicaloperationsunitsbutmostseenastacticalanomalies,notonlydoesan otherwiseoverlookedfieldofpsychologystarttotakeformbutsodoesanew andpowerfulbodyofmilitarystrategy.Itisourintenttoensurethatindivid- ualsfromallrelevantbackgroundsareabletounderstandthecontentwhile learningaboutthechangingfaceofwarfare. One of the primary reasons that the military potential for the applica- tion of psychology has been left largely unexplored by the psychological